Which hierarchy in a YANG data modeling approach describes a relationship in the context of NETCONF device configuration?
Answer(s): D
YANG represents network configuration and operational state as a hierarchical data model. In Cisco model-driven programmability, YANG is used with NETCONF to model configuration and state data so that client applications can programmatically retrieve, edit, and manage device configuration. Cisco states that YANG is used with NETCONF for automated and programmable network operations, and that YANG primarily models the configuration and state data used by NETCONF operations.The correct hierarchy is the tree and leaf-based structure. Cisco’s YANG model structure description defines it as a hierarchical framework that organizes data into a tree with top-level nodes and nested child nodes, and groups related data through containers, lists, and leaves. In this model, containers and lists create structure, while leaf nodes hold actual values such as interface names, VLAN IDs, descriptions, IP addresses, or policy parameters. Option B describes a relationship inside the hierarchy, but it is not the full YANG modeling hierarchy. Options A and C are not valid YANG/NETCONF structural models. Reference topics: Automation and AI — model-driven programmability, NETCONF, YANG data models, configuration/state data, and Cisco IOS XE programmability.
Exhibit:Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator is working on a WLC to enable user access for employee tablets using PEAP-MSCHAPv2 with a RADIUS backend. The administrator verifies the external authentication configuration and plans to test network connectivity.Which code snippet must be added to the configuration for the WLC to support authentication with an external server?
Answer(s): A
The missing command is radius server external-radius. On a Catalyst 9800 WLC, the external RADIUS server object must be declared first with radius server <server-name>. The following lines, address ipv4 10.10.10.100 auth-port 1812 acct-port 1813 and key radiuskey, are subcommands entered under that RADIUS server configuration mode. Cisco’s Catalyst 9800 802.1X configuration workflow starts by declaring the RADIUS server, then adding it to a RADIUS server group, then creating the authentication method list, and finally mapping that list to the WLAN. Cisco’s configuration guide example uses the same IOS XE structure: radius server <name>, followed by address ipv4 ... auth-port 1812 acct-port 1813 and key ....The server group later references server name external-radius, so the RADIUS server object must be named external-radius exactly. Option C would incorrectly create a server named RADIUS-GRP, which is already the AAA server group name, not the RADIUS server object. Options B and D are invalid IOS XE syntax. PEAP-MSCHAPv2 itself is handled through the 802.1X/EAP exchange with the RADIUS server; the WLC acts as the authenticator and forwards authentication requests through the configured AAA method list. Reference topic: Client Connectivity Configuration — WPA2-Enterprise, 802.1X, RADIUS server objects, AAA groups, and WLAN authentication-list binding.
Which benefit does enabling SNMP monitoring provide for Cisco wireless device management?
SNMP monitoring provides centralized visibility and event notification for Cisco wireless infrastructure. On Cisco Catalyst 9800 wireless controllers, SNMP traps are used to send alert messages from SNMP-enabled devices to an SNMP manager, and Cisco specifically documents wireless trap support for access points, clients, mesh, RF, rogue, mobility, RRM, and controller events. Cisco also states that AP-related traps such as crash, register, and no-radio-card events are enabled by default, and that configuring AP traps helps monitor AP status and troubleshoot issues.Therefore, the direct operational benefit is alerts on access point status. SNMP is not limited to hardware-only metrics; it can expose client counts, joined AP counts, processor usage, memory usage, and wireless event notifications through supported OIDs and traps. Manual log review is the opposite of SNMP’s purpose because traps automate notification to a network management system. Fragmented statistics are also incorrect because SNMP enables centralized polling and trap collection across managed devices. Reference topics: Wireless Monitoring and Management — SNMP, MIB/OID monitoring, Catalyst 9800 wireless traps, AP status monitoring, and NMS integration.
Users report slowness on the network, and it is suspected that certain applications are consuming all the bandwidth. A network engineer must enable the NBAR protocol to improve wireless client traffic visibility and provide advanced, granular, application classification, and analytics. How should the network engineer configure NBAR on a 9800 WLC?
The correct configuration approach is to enable Application Visibility and Control on the policy profile. On the Catalyst 9800, WLANs are not configured as isolated monolithic objects; the WLAN profile is mapped to a policy profile through a policy tag, and many client traffic services are applied from that policy profile. Cisco defines AVC as the wireless feature set that identifies and monitors applications using DPI, creates rules to manage application bandwidth and usage, and integrates with Flexible NetFlow for per-application or per-protocol statistics. Cisco further states that AVC benefits from NBAR running on the AP or controller, and that the NBAR2 engine analyzes and recognizes traffic flows.Operationally, Cisco’s 9800 AVC guide shows that AVC is enabled by navigating to Configuration > Services > Application Visibility and selecting the relevant Policy Profile. It also shows the CLI form under the policy profile: wireless profile policy AVC_testing followed by ip nbar protocol-discovery, with verification showing NBAR Protocol Discovery : Enabled. Options A and B are incorrect because the feature is not enabled directly on the WLAN. Option C is generic and incomplete; the Cisco feature construct is AVC. Reference topics: AVC, NBAR2, Flexible NetFlow, Catalyst 9800 policy profiles, and wireless application visibility.
Which feature does a high-gain patch antenna impart to a wireless signal?
Answer(s): C
A high-gain patch antenna is a directional antenna that concentrates RF energy into a defined coverage area rather than radiating equally in all directions. Cisco’s Wireless RF Reference Guide explains that antenna gain determines how RF power is radiated and that higher-gain antennas do not create additional transmit power; they focus existing power in a given direction. Cisco also distinguishes omnidirectional high-gain patterns, which flatten coverage, from directional antennas, which focus energy toward a target area.That makes option C correct: a patch antenna imparts a focused beam, typically useful for covering a hallway, warehouse aisle, seating section, point-to-point link, or defined flat service area. Cisco’s antenna documentation also states that higher-gain antennas provide longer coverage distance but with a coverage-area tradeoff, especially in a particular direction. Option A is incorrect because antenna gain does not restrict operation to a single narrow frequency; frequency support is determined by antenna design and radio band. Option B describes channel overlap, not antenna behavior. Option D does not describe a standard patch antenna radiation pattern. Reference topics: RF Fundamentals — antenna gain, directional antennas, patch antenna radiation patterns, beamwidth, and coverage-cell design.
Which process is managed by Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications in Japan?
The correct answer is RF technical standards. In Japan, wireless LAN and other radio equipment must operate under national RF regulatory requirements controlled by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, commonly referenced as MIC. TELEC, a registered certification body in Japan, states that specified radio equipment such as wireless LAN equipment used in Japan must conform to technical regulations regulated by MIC, and that radio equipment conformity certification validates conformance to the technical standards under Japan’s Radio Act.This aligns directly with Cisco wireless regulatory-domain behavior. Cisco’s Catalyst 9800 country-code documentation explains that APs use legal frequencies approved for their regulatory domain, and for Japan regulatory-domain devices, Japan country codes must be configured so the controller and APs operate within permitted channel and power constraints. Cisco also states that country codes are assigned and verified on APs or wireless controllers to ensure regulatory compliance for wireless operation. Manufacturing batch inspection, customer onboarding, and supplier-chain evaluation are not RF spectrum regulatory functions. Reference topics: RF Fundamentals — regulatory domains, country codes, channel legality, transmit-power limits, and wireless compliance.
What is the primary modulation technology used by 802.11ax in wireless communications?
The correct answer is orthogonal frequency-division multiple access, or OFDMA. Cisco identifies 802.11ax, also known as Wi-Fi 6, as the generation that introduces OFDMA-based operation to improve efficiency, especially in dense wireless environments. Cisco’s Catalyst 9800 documentation states that OFDMA support for 802.11ax APs improves performance in dense deployments, enables simultaneous data transmissions with OFDMA and MU-MIMO, and supports uplink and downlink multi-user operations across multiple client devices.Strictly, OFDMA is a multi-user channel-access and subcarrier allocation method rather than a pure constellation modulation scheme. However, within 802.11ax fundamentals and this answer set, OFDMA is the defining PHY/MAC technology. It divides a 20, 40, 80, or 160 MHz channel into smaller resource units so multiple clients can transmit or receive in the same transmission opportunity. Cisco further explains that OFDMA improves wireless performance by using independently modulated subcarriers within frequencies, allowing simultaneous transmissions to and from multiple clients. FHSS and DSSS belong to older 802.11 PHY generations. QAM is used for symbol modulation, but “Quadrature Amplitude Modulation OFDMA” is not the primary 802.11ax technology name. Reference topics: 802.11ax/Wi-Fi 6, OFDMA, resource units, uplink/downlink multi-user operation, and high-efficiency WLAN design.
An organization must manage ongoing firmware updates for redundant controllers in the network. They will use Cisco Catalyst Center for deployment and visibility. The current environment uses centralized and distributed management approaches. Automation and reporting are critical to minimize operational workload.Which method must be used to manage structured update processes and monitor progress throughout the update cycle?
The correct method is software image management workflows, specifically Cisco Catalyst Center Software Image Management, commonly referenced as SWIM. Cisco documents SWIM as the mechanism used to manage software upgrades and maintain consistency of image versions across the network. It provides an image repository, golden-image assignment, image distribution, activation, readiness checks, and scheduled execution. Cisco’s wireless automation guidance specifically states that SWIM is used to update Catalyst 9800 Series Wireless Controller software by distributing the image from the Catalyst Center repository to wireless controllers and upgrading the images running on those controllers; both stages can run immediately or be scheduled for a defined maintenance window.Option C is also validated by Catalyst Center’s update-status and workflow views. Cisco documents Image Update Status as the view that shows all update tasks, filters by in-progress, success, or failure, and displays a progress bar for active updates. The workflow view then exposes distribution and activation task status, timing, prechecks, postchecks, checksum verification, and AP pre-image download details. Inventory snapshots and templates do not execute controller firmware upgrades, and “lifecycle workflow” is too generic. Reference topics: Wireless Monitoring and Management — Catalyst Center SWIM, image compliance, golden images, controller upgrade automation, and update progress reporting.
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