Calculates the average LSB and builds a table of frequencies and Pair of Values. Performs a test on the two tables. It measures the theoretical vs. calculated population difference.
Answer(s): C
Chi-Square Analysis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi-squared_testA chi-squared test, is a statistical hypothesis test that is valid to perform when the test statistic is chi- squared distributed under the null hypothesis, specifically Pearson's chi-squared test and variants thereof. Pearson's chi-squared test is used to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the expected frequencies and the observed frequencies in one or more categories of a contingency table.In cryptanalysis, the chi-squared test is used to compare the distribution of plaintext and (possibly) decrypted ciphertext. The lowest value of the test means that the decryption was successful with high probability. This method can be generalized for solving modern cryptographic problems.Incorrect answers:Raw Quick Pair - statistical analysis on number of unique colors and color number pairs in the picture and you look for least significant bits and manipulation of data in those bits, typically inside of whitespace.SP network - substitutionpermutation network is a series of linked mathematical operations used in block cipher algorithms such as AES (Rijndael), 3-Way, Kalyna, Kuznyechik, PRESENT, SAFER, SHARK, and Square.Certificate Authority - component of a PKI that creates and maintains digital certificates throughout their life cycles.
Encryption of the same plain text with the same key results in the same cipher text. Use of an IV that is XORed with the first block of plain text solves this problem.
ECBhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_cipher_mode_of_operation The simplest of the encryption modes is the electronic codebook (ECB) mode (named after conventional physical codebooks). The message is divided into blocks, and each block is encrypted separately.The disadvantage of this method is a lack of diffusion. Because ECB encrypts identical plaintext blocks into identical ciphertext blocks, it does not hide data patterns well. ECB is not recommended for use in cryptographic protocols.ECB mode can also make protocols without integrity protection even more susceptible to replay attacks, since each block gets decrypted in exactly the same way.Incorrect answers:RC4 - stream symmetric cipher that was created by Ron Rivest of RSA. Used in SSL and WEP. GOST - the GOST block cipher (Magma), defined in the standard GOST 28147-89 (RFC 5830), is a Soviet and Russian government standard symmetric key block cipher with a block size of 64 bits. The original standard, published in 1989, did not give the cipher any name, but the most recent revision of the standard, GOST R 34.12-2015, specifies that it may be referred to as Magma. The GOST hash function is based on this cipher. The new standard also specifies a new 128-bit block cipher called Kuznyechik.CFB - the process wherein the ciphertext block is encrypted then the ciphertext produced is XOR'd back with the plaintext to produce the current ciphertext block.
Created in 1977 by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman at MIT. Most widely used public key cryptography algorithm. Based on relationships with prime numbers. This algorithm is secure because it is difficult to factor a large integer composed of two or more large prime factors.
RSAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_(cryptosystem)RSA (RivestShamirAdleman) is a public-key cryptosystem that is widely used for secure data transmission. It is also one of the oldest. The acronym RSA comes from the surnames of Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman, who publicly described the algorithm in 1977. An equivalent system was developed secretly, in 1973 at GCHQ (the British signals intelligence agency), by the English mathematician Clifford Cocks. That system was declassified in 1997.Incorrect answers:Diffie-Helmann - The first publicly described asymmetric algorithm. A cryptographic protocol that allows two parties to establish a shared key over an insecure channel. Often used to allow parties to exchange a symmetric key through some unsecure medium, such as the Internet. It was developed by Whitfield Diffie and Martin Helmann in 1976.DES - The Data Encryption Standard is a symmetric-key algorithm for the encryption of digital data. Although its short key length of 56 bits makes it too insecure for applications, it has been highly influential in the advancement of cryptography.Developed in the early 1970s at IBM and based on an earlier design by Horst Feistel, the algorithm was submitted to the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) following the agency's invitation to propose a candidate for the protection of sensitive, unclassified electronic government data. In 1976, after consultation with the National Security Agency (NSA), the NBS selected a slightly modified version (strengthened against differential cryptanalysis, but weakened against brute-force attacks), which was published as an official Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) for the United States in 1977.PKI - A public key infrastructure is a set of roles, policies, hardware, software and procedures needed to create, manage, distribute, use, store and revoke digital certificates and manage public-key encryption. The purpose of a PKI is to facilitate the secure electronic transfer of information for a range of network activities such as e-commerce, internet banking and confidential email. It is required for activities where simple passwords are an inadequate authentication method and more rigorous proof is required to confirm the identity of the parties involved in the communication and to validate the information being transferred.
A cryptanalysis success where the attacker deduces the secret key.
Answer(s): D
Total Break https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CryptanalysisThe results of cryptanalysis can also vary in usefulness. For example, cryptographer Lars Knudsen (1998) classified various types of attack on block ciphers according to the amount and quality of secret information that was discovered:Total break -- the attacker deduces the secret key.Global deduction -- the attacker discovers a functionally equivalent algorithm for encryption and decryption, but without learning the key.Instance (local) deduction -- the attacker discovers additional plaintexts (or ciphertexts) not previously known.Information deduction -- the attacker gains some Shannon information about plaintexts (or ciphertexts) not previously known.Distinguishing algorithm -- the attacker can distinguish the cipher from a random permutation.Incorrect answers:Shannon's Entropy - average level of "information", "surprise", or "uncertainty" inherent in the variable's possible outcomes. The concept of information entropy was introduced by Claude Shannon in his 1948 paper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication". Avalanche effect - the desirable property of cryptographic algorithms, typically block ciphers and cryptographic hash functions, wherein if an input is changed slightly (for example, flipping a single bit), the output changes significantly (e.g., half the output bits flip). In the case of high-quality block ciphers, such a small change in either the key or the plaintext should cause a drastic change in the ciphertext.
All of the following are key exchange protocols except for____
Answer(s): B
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