The most widely used digital certificate standard. First issued July 3, 1988. It is a digital document that contains a public key signed by the trusted third party, which is known as a Certificate Authority, or C
Answer(s): D
X.509https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.509In cryptography, X.509 is a standard defining the format of public key certificates. X.509 certificates are used in many Internet protocols, including TLS/SSL, which is the basis for HTTPS, the secure protocol for browsing the web. They are also used in offline applications, like electronic signatures. An X.509 certificate contains a public key and an identity (a hostname, or an organization, or an individual), and is either signed by a certificate authority or self-signed. When a certificate is signed by a trusted certificate authority, or validated by other means, someone holding that certificate can rely on the public key it contains to establish secure communications with another party, or validate documents digitally signed by the corresponding private key.Incorrect answers:RSA - (RivestShamirAdleman) is a public-key cryptosystem that is widely used for secure data transmission.ElGamal - asymmetric key encryption algorithm for public-key cryptography which is based on the DiffieHellman key exchange. It was described by Taher Elgamal in 1985. PAP - used to authenticate users, but is no longer used because the information was sent in cleartext.
Which of the following is a protocol for exchanging keys?
Answer(s): A
DHhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffie%E2%80%93Hellman_key_exchange DiffieHellman key exchange is a method of securely exchanging cryptographic keys over a public channel and was one of the first public-key protocols as conceived by Ralph Merkle and named after Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman. DH is one of the earliest practical examples of public key exchange implemented within the field of cryptography. Published in 1976 by Diffie and Hellman, this is the earliest publicly known work that proposed the idea of a private key and a corresponding public key.Incorrect answers:EC - Elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC) is an approach to public-key cryptography based on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields. ECC allows smaller keys compared to non-EC cryptography (based on plain Galois fields) to provide equivalent security. RSA - (RivestShamirAdleman) is a public-key cryptosystem that is widely used for secure data transmission. It is also one of the oldest. The acronym RSA comes from the surnames of Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman, who publicly described the algorithm in 1977. An equivalent system was developed secretly, in 1973 at GCHQ (the British signals intelligence agency), by the English mathematician Clifford Cocks. That system was declassified in 1997. AES - also known by its original name Rijndael, is a specification for the encryption of electronic data established by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2001. AES is a subset of the Rijndael block cipher developed by two Belgian cryptographers, Vincent Rijmen and Joan Daemen, who submitted a proposal[5] to NIST during the AES selection process. Rijndael is a family of ciphers with different key and block sizes. For AES, NIST selected three members of the Rijndael family, each with a block size of 128 bits, but three different key lengths: 128, 192 and 256 bits.
Symmetric algorithm. Designed by James Massey and Xuejia Lai. Operates on 64 bit blocks and has a 128 bit key. Consists of 8 identical transformations each round and an output transformation.
IDEAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Data_Encryption_Algorithm In cryptography, the International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA), originally called Improved Proposed Encryption Standard (IPES), is a symmetric-key block cipher designed by James Massey ofETH Zurich and Xuejia Lai and was first described in 1991. The algorithm was intended as a replacement for the Data Encryption Standard (DES). IDEA is a minor revision of an earlier cipher Proposed Encryption Standard (PES).The cipher was designed under a research contract with the Hasler Foundation, which became part of Ascom-Tech AG. The cipher was patented in a number of countries but was freely available for non-commercial use. The name "IDEA" is also a trademark. The last patents expired in 2012, and IDEA is now patent-free and thus completely free for all uses. IDEA was used in Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) v2.0 and was incorporated after the original cipher used in v1.0, BassOmatic, was found to be insecure. IDEA is an optional algorithm in the OpenPGP standard.Incorrect answers:CAST - symmetric algorithm. Created in 1996 by Carlisle Adams and Stafford Tavares. Operates on 64 bit blocks and has a key size of 40-128 bits. Typically used in GPG and PGP. Encryption is either 12 or 16 rounds.DES - The Data Encryption Standard is a symmetric-key algorithm for the encryption of digital data. Although its short key length of 56 bits makes it too insecure for applications, it has been highly influential in the advancement of cryptography.RSA - a public-key cryptosystem that is widely used for secure data transmission. It is also one of the oldest. The acronym RSA comes from the surnames of Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman, who publicly described the algorithm in 1977
This is a proprietary version of PAP. Encrypts username and password as it is sent across network.
Answer(s): B
S-PAPShiva Password Authentication Protocol (S-PAP) - PAP with encryption for the usernames/passwords that are transmitted.Incorrect answers:Kerberos - a computer-network authentication protocol that works on the basis of tickets to allow nodes communicating over a non-secure network to prove their identity to one another in a secure manner. Its designers aimed it primarily at a clientserver model and it provides mutual authentication--both the user and the server verify each other's identity. Kerberos protocol messages are protected against eavesdropping and replay attacks. WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access II) security certification program developed by the Wi-Fi Alliance to secure wireless computer networks. It includes mandatory support for CCMP, an AES-based encryption mode.PPTP VPN - works at layer 2 (data link) layer of OSI model. Provides both authentication and encryption. EAP or CHAP is used to provide the authentication for PPTP. MPPE (Microsoft Point to Point Encryption) is used to encrypt the traffic. MPPE - a specific Microsoft implementation of DES.Can only use over a traditional Ethernet network.
The ATBASH cipher is best described as what type of cipher?
Answer(s): C
Substitution https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AtbashAtbash is a monoalphabetic substitution cipher originally used to encrypt the Hebrew alphabet. It can be modified for use with any known writing system with a standard collating order.
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