Which of the following statements regarding routing policy and policy-based routing are true? (Choose all that apply.)
Answer(s): A,C
A routing policy is used to control import, advertisement, and receiving of routing information.Routing policies are used to manage and manipulate routing information. They control how routes are imported into a routing protocol, advertised to other routers, and received from other routers. Routing policies influence the decisions of routing protocols like BGP, OSPF, and others by applying filters and modifications to routing updates.Policy-based routing is used to control packet forwarding without following routes in the routing table.PBR is used to override the normal destination-based routing table lookup. It allows routing decisions based on defined policies, such as IP source or destination, instead of strictly following the entries in the routing table.PBR can direct traffic based on the conditions specified in the policy, which may not align with the default routing table.
Access control lists can be classified into which types as follows? (Choose all that apply.)
Answer(s): A,C,D
Basic ACLs (also known as standard ACLs) operate at Layer 3 (Network layer) and filter traffic based on the source IP address only. They are simpler and less flexible than advanced ACLs.Advanced ACLs (also called extended ACLs) operate at Layer 3 and Layer 4 (Network and Transport layers).They allow filtering based on source IP address, destination IP address, protocol types, source and destination ports, and other parameters. These provide more granular control compared to basic ACLs.Layer 2 ACLs are also known as MAC-based ACLs. They operate at the Data Link layer (Layer 2) and filter traffic based on MAC addresses, which is useful in scenarios where control over traffic within a local network segment is required.
STP ensures a loop-free network but has a slow network topology convergence speed, affecting communication quality. RSTP has made some improvements based on STP. Which of the following improvements is not included?
Answer(s): D
RSTP does not delete three port states and add two port roles. It reduces the number of port states but does not introduce two new roles. In fact, RSTP introduces port roles like Root Port, Designated Port, and Alternate Port, but it does not delete three port states.The statement is misleading because RSTP reduces port states but doesn't add or remove port roles like this.
As shown in the figure, SWA, SWB, and SWC run the Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP). What are the roles of SWB's GE0/0/2 and SWC's GE0/0/1?
Answer(s): B
In Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP), the roles of ports are determined based on their function within the spanning tree topology. Let's analyze the roles of SWB's GE0/0/2 and SWC's GE0/0/1 based on the figure:1. Root Port (R):The port on a non-root switch that provides the best path to the root bridge (SWA in this case). Each non-root switch has one root port.2. Designated Port (D):The port on a network segment that is responsible for forwarding traffic to/from that segment. Each segment has one designated port.3. Backup Port:A port that provides a redundant path to the same segment as the designated port but is in a blocking state to prevent loops.4. Alternative Port:A port that provides a redundant path to the root bridge and is in a blocking state.Roles of the Ports:SWB's GE0/0/2:- This port connects to a redundant link on the same segment. It serves as an Alternative Port, which is a redundant path to the root bridge.SWC's GE0/0/1:- This port connects to a redundant link on the same switch. It serves as a Backup Port, which provides redundancy for the segment.The roles are:SWB's GE0/0/2: Alternative PortSWC's GE0/0/1: Backup Port
On a network, some switches are enabled with RSTP and some switches are enabled with STP. What will happen? (Choose all that apply.)
A Huawei switch changes from RSTP to STP. After the STP-enabled switch is removed from the network, the RSTP-enabled switch can be moved back to the RSTP mode.If you configure a Huawei switch to run RSTP, but for some reason, it needs to fall back to STP (for compatibility with other switches), this can be done. Once the STP-enabled switches are removed from the network, you can revert the switch back to RSTP mode to benefit from RSTP's faster convergence.STP and RSTP are compatible with each other, but the rapid convergence of RSTP is unavailable.STP and RSTP can interoperate on the same network. RSTP is backward compatible with STP but if RSTP is deployed in a network with STP switches, RSTP's rapid convergence is not fully realized. The STP switches will take longer to converge, so the network will operate at the slower convergence speed of STP.STP and RSTP calculation are performed independently.STP and RSTP do not affect each other's calculation processes. Each switch runs its own algorithm to calculate the spanning tree. RSTP improves on STP by offering faster convergence, but it still works independently from the STP switches in the network.
Which of the following statements about stack split is false?
Answer(s): A
When a stack splits, the MAC addresses for each stack do not change immediately. Instead, the stacks will retain their original MAC addresses as the stacking member's MAC persists. Stack splitting only causes logical partitioning, and the MAC address of the individual switches remains the same unless a manual change is made. However, if there is a Master-Active Detection (MAD) failure, a MAC address conflict resolution mechanism may trigger, but this is a different scenario and not part of the immediate split.
In PIM-DM, which of the following processes are involved in SPT establishment? (Choose all that apply.)
Answer(s): A,B,C
Pruning is a key part of the process in PIM-DM. Once the SPT is established, Prune messages are sent to stop the forwarding of multicast traffic to unwanted branches of the multicast tree. Routers send Prune messages to upstream routers to remove multicast traffic from the branch where it's no longer needed.Grafting is used in PIM-DM to re-establish a path to the source after a prune operation. When traffic is needed again (for example, if a router had previously pruned itself from the multicast tree), it sends a Graft message to signal that it wants to rejoin the tree and receive traffic.Flooding is used in PIM-DM to send multicast traffic to all routers within the network. This happens initially before the SPT is established. The Flooding process allows routers to send multicast traffic to all parts of the network, and over time, routers prune branches and form the SPT.
Which of the following PIM protocol packets have unicast destination addresses? (Choose all that apply.)
Answer(s): A,D
Graft packets are used in PIM-DM (Dense Mode) to signal the rejoining of a router to the shortest path tree (SPT) after it had pruned itself. Graft packets have a unicast destination address because they are sent directly to the upstream router from which the traffic was pruned.Register Stop packets are used in PIM-SM to signal that a router has completed sending its Register packets for multicast traffic to the Rendezvous Point (RP). These packets have a unicast destination address, typically sent directly to the RP to stop the registering process.
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