A data center is a set of complex facilities including equipment rooms. Which of the following devices are involved in data center deployment? (Choose all that apply.)
Answer(s): A,B,C,D
Storage: Storage devices are essential in a data center to store data and provide access to it. These devices may include SAN (Storage Area Network) or NAS (Network Attached Storage).Firewall: Firewalls are critical in data centers for securing the network and controlling the incoming and outgoing traffic based on predefined security rules.Switch: Switches are used for network connectivity within the data center. They are essential for routing traffic between servers, storage devices, and other network components.Server: Servers are the core of any data center, where the computational and processing tasks are performed, hosting applications, databases, and services.
Depending on the type of algorithms used, routing protocols are classified into distance-vector protocols and link-state protocols. Which of the following routing protocols are link-state protocols? (Choose all that apply.)
Answer(s): A,C
IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System) is a link-state protocol. It uses link-state information to build a network topology and calculate the best path.OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is a link-state protocol. It also uses link-state advertisements (LSAs) to share information about network topology and compute the best path using the Dijkstra algorithm.
An external preference and internal preference are defined for a route. A smaller value indicates a higher preference. When selecting a route, a router first compares the internal preferences of routes. If the routes have the same internal preference, the router compares their external preferences.
Answer(s): A
When selecting a route, a router first compares the internal preferences of routes (such as the preference set by the routing protocol). If the internal preferences are equal, the router then compares the external preferences (such as BGP attributes). A smaller value indicates a higher preference, so the router will choose the route with the lower preference value.
Typically, a protocol that occupies two ports during communication is called a multi-channel protocol. For such protocols, the ASPF function must be enabled on the firewall to ensure smooth setup of the data channel and reduce the risk of attacks. Which of the following protocols is not a multi-channel protocol?
Answer(s): D
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is not a multi-channel protocol. SMTP typically operates over a single port (port 25) for sending emails and does not require multiple channels for communication.
IP prefix lists are a common matching tool. Multiple indexes can be created for an IP prefix list, and each index can be configured with an action and matching condition. Which of the following can be used as matching conditions for an index? (Choose all that apply.)
Answer(s): C,D
IP address prefix: It specifies the network address or prefix that is being matched.Mask length: The mask length defines the length of the subnet mask to be matched, which is essential for matching specific subnets.
On an office network of an enterprise, OSPF is enabled on two directly connected routers. During adjacency establishment, the state machine stays in the 2-way state. Which of the following statements are not possible causes? (Choose all that apply.)
The N-bit and E-bit of Hello packets are the same.The N-bit (Non-Broadcast) and E-bit (External) in Hello packets are used in OSPF to control certain behaviors, but having the same values for both bits does not necessarily prevent the adjacency from progressing past the 2-way state. The state staying in the 2-way state is typically due to other issues, not these bits.Area IDs are different.In OSPF, when two routers are connected, they must have the same Area ID to establish a neighbor relationship. If the Area IDs are different, the adjacency will not form, but it won't stay in the 2-way state; it will fail to establish any state at all.
On an OSPF network, if a router receives an update of an LSA that exists in the local LSDB, the router updates the LSDB and floods the LSA.
Answer(s): B
In OSPF, if a router receives an update of an LSA (Link-State Advertisement) that already exists in its local LSDB (Link-State Database), it does not immediately flood the LSA unless the LSA has changed. If the LSA is the same (i.e., it has not been updated or changed), the router will not update the LSDB or flood the LSA again. OSPF only floods LSAs when they are new or have been updated with different information than the existing LSA in the LSDB.
On an OSPF network, two directly connected routers fail to establish a neighbor relationship. The display ospf error command is run on one of the routers, and the command output is as follows:Based on the command output, which of the following is the cause of the problem?
From the command output, the error message "Router id confusion" under the General packet errors section indicates that the problem is due to duplicate router IDs. OSPF requires unique router IDs for each router. If two routers have the same router ID, they will not be able to establish a neighbor relationship.
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