QUESTION: 153 Topic: 1, Access Control

In the context of access control, locks, gates, guards are examples of which of the following?

Administrative controls
Technical controls
Physical controls
Logical controls

Answer(s): C

Explanation:

Administrative, technical and physical controls are categories of access control mechanisms.
Logical and Technical controls are synonymous. So both of them could be eliminated as possible choices.
Physical Controls: These are controls to protect the organization's people and physical environment, such as locks, gates, and guards. Physical controls may be called "operational controls" in some contexts.
Physical security covers a broad spectrum of controls to protect the physical assets (primarily the people) in an organization. Physical Controls are sometimes referred to as "operational" controls in some risk management frameworks. These controls range from doors, locks, and windows to environment controls, construction standards, and guards. Typically, physical security is based on the notion of establishing security zones or concentric areas within a facility that require increased security as you get closer to the valuable assets inside the facility. Security zones are the physical representation of the defense-in-depth principle discussed earlier in this chapter. Typically, security zones are associated with rooms, offices, floors, or smaller elements, such as a cabinet or storage locker. The design of the physical security controls within the facility must take into account the protection of the asset as well as the individuals working in that area.

Reference:

Hernandez CISSP, Steven (2012-12-21). Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK, Third Edition ((ISC)2 Press) (Kindle Locations 1301-1303). Auerbach Publications. Kindle Edition.
and
Hernandez CISSP, Steven (2012-12-21). Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK, Third Edition ((ISC)2 Press) (Kindle Locations 1312-1318). Auerbach Publications. Kindle Edition.

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QUESTION: 154 Topic: 1, Access Control

Which of the following statements pertaining to using Kerberos without any extension is false?

A client can be impersonated by password-guessing.
Kerberos is mostly a third-party authentication protocol.
Kerberos uses public key cryptography.
Kerberos provides robust authentication.

Answer(s): C

Explanation:

Kerberos is a trusted, credential-based, third-party authentication protocol that uses symmetric (secret) key cryptography to provide robust authentication to clients accessing services on a network.
Because a client's password is used in the initiation of the Kerberos request for the service protocol, password guessing can be used to impersonate a client.
Here is a nice overview of HOW Kerberos is implement as described in RFC 4556:
1. Introduction
The Kerberos V5 protocol [RFC4120] involves use of a trusted third party known as the Key Distribution Center (KDC) to negotiate shared session keys between clients and services and provide mutual authentication between them.
The corner-stones of Kerberos V5 are the Ticket and the Authenticator. A Ticket encapsulates a symmetric key (the ticket session key) in an envelope (a public message) intended for a specific service. The contents of the Ticket are encrypted with a symmetric key shared between the service principal and the issuing KDC. The encrypted part of the Ticket contains the client principal name, among other items. An Authenticator is a record that can be shown to have been recently generated using the ticket session key in the associated Ticket. The ticket session key is known by the client
who requested the ticket. The contents of the Authenticator are encrypted with the associated ticket session key. The encrypted part of an Authenticator contains a timestamp and the client principal name, among other items.
As shown in Figure 1, below, the Kerberos V5 protocol consists of the following message exchanges between the client and the KDC, and the client and the application service:
The Authentication Service (AS) Exchange
The client obtains an "initial" ticket from the Kerberos authentication server (AS), typically a Ticket Granting Ticket (TGT). The AS-REQ message and the AS-REP message are the request and the reply message, respectively, between the client and the AS.
The Ticket Granting Service (TGS) Exchange
The client subsequently uses the TGT to authenticate and request a service ticket for a particular service, from the Kerberos ticket-granting server (TGS). The TGS-REQ message and the TGS-REP message are the request and the reply message respectively between the client and the TGS.
The Client/Server Authentication Protocol (AP) Exchange
The client then makes a request with an AP-REQ message, consisting of a service ticket and an authenticator that certifies the client's possession of the ticket session key. The server may optionally reply with an AP-REP message. AP exchanges typically negotiate session-specific symmetric keys.
Usually, the AS and TGS are integrated in a single device also known as the KDC.
+--------------+
+--------->| KDC |
AS-REQ / +-------| |
/ / +--------------+
/ / ^ |
/ |AS-REP / |
| | / TGS-REQ + TGS-REP
| | / /
| | / /
| | / +---------+
| | / /
| | / /
| | / /
| v / v
++-------+------+ +-----------------+
| Client +------------>| Application |
| | AP-REQ | Server |
| |<------------| |
+---------------+ AP-REP +-----------------+
Figure 1: The Message Exchanges in the Kerberos V5 Protocol
In the AS exchange, the KDC reply contains the ticket session key, among other items, that is encrypted using a key (the AS reply key) shared between the client and the KDC. The AS reply key is typically derived from the client's password for human users. Therefore, for human users, the attack resistance strength of the Kerberos protocol is no stronger than the strength of their passwords.

Reference:

KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 2: Access control systems (page 40).
And
HARRIS, Shon, All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide, McGraw-Hill/Osborne, 2002, chapter
4: Access Control (pages 147-151).
and
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4556.txt

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QUESTION: 155 Topic: 1, Access Control

Which of the following statements pertaining to Kerberos is false?

The Key Distribution Center represents a single point of failure.
Kerberos manages access permissions.
Kerberos uses a database to keep a copy of all users' public keys.
Kerberos uses symmetric key cryptography.

Answer(s): C

Explanation:

Kerberos is a trusted, credential-based, third-party authentication protocol that uses symmetric (secret) key cryptography to provide robust authentication to clients accessing services on a network.
One weakness of Kerberos is its Key Distribution Center (KDC), which represents a single point of failure.
The KDC contains a database that holds a copy of all of the symmetric/secret keys for the principals.

Reference:

KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 2: Access control systems (page40).

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QUESTION: 156 Topic: 1, Access Control

Which access control model would a lattice-based access control model be an example of?

Mandatory access control.
Discretionary access control.
Non-discretionary access control.
Rule-based access control.

Answer(s): A

Explanation:

In a lattice model, there are pairs of elements that have the least upper bound of values and greatest lower bound of values. In a Mandatory Access Control (MAC) model, users and data owners do not have as much freedom to determine who can access files.
TIPS FROM CLEMENT
Mandatory Access Control is in place whenever you have permissions that are being imposed on the subject and the subject cannot arbitrarily change them. When the subject/owner of the file can change permissions at will, it is discretionary access control.
Here is a breakdown largely based on explanations provided by Doug Landoll. I am reproducing below using my own word and not exactly how Doug explained it:
FIRST: The Lattice
A lattice is simply an access control tool usually used to implement Mandatory Access Control (MAC) and it could also be used to implement RBAC but this is not as common. The lattice model can be used for Integrity level or file permissions as well. The lattice has a least upper bound and greatest lower bound. It makes use of pair of elements such as the subject security clearance pairing with the object sensitivity label.
SECOND: DAC (Discretionary Access Control)
Let's get into Discretionary Access Control: It is an access control method where the owner (read the creator of the object) will decide who has access at his own discretion. As we all know, users are sometimes insane. They will share their files with other users based on their identity but nothing prevent the user from further sharing it with other users on the network. Very quickly you loose control on the flow of information and who has access to what. It is used in small and friendly environment where a low level of security is all that is required.
THIRD: MAC (Mandatory Access Control)
All of the following are forms of Mandatory Access Control:
Mandatory Access control (MAC) (Implemented using the lattice)
You must remember that MAC makes use of Security Clearance for the subject and also Labels will be assigned to the objects. The clearance of the Subject must dominate (be equal or higher) the clearance of the Object being accessed. The label attached to the object will indicate the sensitivity leval and the categories the object belongs to. The categories are used to implement the Need to Know.
All of the following are forms of Non Discretionary Access Control:
Role Based Access Control (RBAC)
Rule Based Access Control (Think Firewall in this case)
The official ISC2 book says that RBAC (synonymous with Non Discretionary Access Control) is a form of DAC but they are simply wrong. RBAC is a form of Non Discretionary Access Control. Non Discretionary DOES NOT equal mandatory access control as there is no labels and clearance involved.
I hope this clarifies the whole drama related to what is what in the world of access control.
In the same line of taught, you should be familiar with the difference between Explicit permission (the user has his own profile) versus Implicit (the user inherit permissions by being a member of a role for example).
The following answers are incorrect:
Discretionary access control. Is incorrect because in a Discretionary Access Control (DAC) model, access is restricted based on the authorization granted to the users. It is identity based access control only. It does not make use of a lattice.
Non-discretionary access control. Is incorrect because Non-discretionary Access Control (NDAC) uses the role-based access control method to determine access rights and permissions. It is often times used as a synonym to RBAC which is Role Based Access Control. The user inherit permission from the role when they are assigned into the role. This type of access could make use of a lattice but could also be implemented without the use of a lattice in some case. Mandatory Access Control was a better choice than this one, but RBAC could also make use of a lattice. The BEST answer was MAC.
Rule-based access control. Is incorrect because it is an example of a Non-discretionary Access Control (NDAC) access control mode. You have rules that are globally applied to all users. There is no such thing as a lattice being use in Rule-Based Access Control.

Reference:

AIOv3 Access Control (pages 161 - 168)
AIOv3 Security Models and Architecture (pages 291 - 293)

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QUESTION: 153 Topic: 1, Access Control

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