ExhibitWhich two statements about the output shown in the exhibit are correct? (Choose two.)
Answer(s): A,D
According to 1 and 2, BGP Layer 2 VPNs use BGP to distribute endpoint provisioning information and set up pseudowires between PE devices. BGP uses the Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN) Routing Information Base (RIB) to store endpoint provisioning information, which is updated each time any Layer 2 virtual forwarding instance (VFI) is configured. The prefix and path information is stored in the L2VPN database, which allows BGP to make decisions about the best path. In the output shown in the exhibit, we can see some information about the L2VPN RIB and the pseudowire state. Based on this information, we can infer the following statements:The PE is attached to a single local site. This is correct because the output shows only one local site ID (1) under the L2VPN RIB section. A local site ID is a unique identifier for a site within a VPLS domain. If there were multiple local sites attached to the PE, we would see multiple local site IDs with different prefixes.The connection has not flapped since it was initiated. This is correct because the output shows that the uptime of the pseudowire is equal to its total uptime (1w6d). This means that the pseudowire has been up for one week and six days without any interruption or flap. There has been a VLAN ID mismatch. This is not correct because the output shows that the remote and local VLAN IDs are both 0 under the pseudowire state section. A VLAN ID mismatch occurs when the remote and local VLAN IDs are different, which can cause traffic loss or misdelivery. If there was a VLAN ID mismatch, we would see different values for the remote and local VLAN IDs. The PE router has the capability to pop flow labels. This is correct because the output shows that the flow label pop bit is set under the pseudowire state section. The flow label pop bit indicates that the PE router can pop (remove) the MPLS flow label from the packet before forwarding it to the CE device. The flow label is an optional MPLS label that can be used for load balancing or traffic engineering purposes.
ExhibitReferring to the exhibit, PE-1 and PE-2 are getting route updates for VPN-B when neither of them service that VPNWhich two actions would optimize this process? (Choose two.)
Answer(s): B,D
BGP route target filtering is a technique that reduces the number of routers that receive VPN routes and route updates, helping to limit the amount of overhead associated with running a VPN. BGP route target filtering is based on the exchange of the route-target address family, which contains information about the VPN membership of each PE device. Based on this information, a PE device can decide whether to accept or reject VPN routes from another PE device. BGP route target filtering can be configured on PE devices or on route reflectors (RRs). Configuring BGP route target filtering on RRs is more efficient and scalable, as it reduces the number of BGP sessions and updates between PE devices. To configure BGP route target filtering on RRs, the following steps are required:Configure the family route-target statement under the BGP group or neighbor configuration on the RRs. This enables the exchange of the route-target address family between the RRs and their clients (PE devices).Configure the resolution rib bgp.l3vpn.0 resolution-ribs inet.0 statement under the routing-options configuration on the RRs. This enables the RRs to resolve next hops for VPN routes using the inet.0 routing table.Configure an export policy for BGP route target filtering under the routing-options configuration on the RRs. This policy controls which route targets are advertised to each PE device based on their VPN membership.
Which two EVPN route types are used to advertise a multihomed Ethernet segment? (Choose two )
Answer(s): A,C
EVPN is a solution that provides Ethernet multipoint services over MPLS networks. EVPN uses BGP to distribute endpoint provisioning information and set up pseudowires between PE devices. EVPN uses different route types to convey different information in the control plane. The following are the main EVPN route types:Type 1 - Ethernet Auto-Discovery Route: This route type is used for network-wide messaging and discovery of other PE devices that are part of the same EVPN instance. It also carries information about the redundancy mode and load balancing algorithm of the PE devices.Type 2 - MAC/IP Advertisement Route: This route type is used for MAC and IP address learning and advertisement between PE devices. It also carries information about the Ethernet segment identifier (ESI) and the label for forwarding traffic to the MAC or IP address.Type 3 - Inclusive Multicast Ethernet Tag Route: This route type is used for broadcast, unknown unicast, and multicast (BUM) traffic forwarding. It also carries information about the multicast group and the label for forwarding BUM traffic.Type 4 - Ethernet Segment Route: This route type is used for multihoming scenarios, where a CE device is connected to more than one PE device. It also carries information about the ESI and the designated forwarder (DF) election process.
Which statement is correct about IS-IS when it performs the Dijkstra algorithm?
Answer(s): A
IS-IS is a link-state routing protocol that uses the Dijkstra algorithm to compute the shortest paths between nodes in a network. The Dijkstra algorithm maintains three data structures: a tree database, a candidate database, and a link-state database (LSDB). The tree database contains the nodes that have been visited and their shortest distances from the source node. The candidate database contains the nodes that have not been visited yet and their tentative distances from the source node. The LSDB contains the topology information of the network, such as the links and their costs.The Dijkstra algorithm works as follows:The local router moves its own local tuples into the tree database. A tuple consists of a node ID, a distance, and a parent node ID. The local router's tuple has a distance of zero and no parent node. The local router moves its neighbors' tuples into the candidate database. The neighbors' tuples have distances equal to the costs of the links to them and parent node IDs equal to the local router's node ID.The local router selects the tuple with the lowest distance from the candidate database and moves it to the tree database. This tuple becomes the current node. The local router updates the distances of the current node's neighbors in the candidate database by adding the current node's distance to the link costs. If a shorter distance is found, the parent node ID is also updated.The algorithm repeats steps 3 and 4 until either the destination node is reached or the candidate database is empty.
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