QUESTION: 13

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What is an advantage of modeling as a part of the software analysis and design process?

It reduces the risk of inconsistent or improper implementations.
It reduces the risk of incorporating technology constraints into a design.
It reduces the risk of using an incorrect or improper programming language.
It reduces the risk of the solution being strongly related to business practices.

Answer(s): A

Explanation:

Modeling as part of the software analysis and design process offers several advantages, one of the primary being the reduction in the risk of inconsistent or improper implementations. By using models, developers can visualize the structure and behavior of the system before actual coding begins, allowing for the identification and correction of potential issues in the early stages of development. This practice helps ensure that all components of the software work together as intended, reducing the likelihood of bugs and inconsistencies that could arise if parts of the system were developed in isolation. UML, as a standardized modeling language, provides a coherent and universally understood set of diagrams and symbols, which facilitates clear communication among team members and stakeholders, further mitigating the risk of misunderstandings that could lead to improper implementations.

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QUESTION: 14

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Consider the following class diagram:

Which statement is true about the class diagram?

The preferred age to open a bank account is 18 years old or older
Only customers who are 18 years old or older can open a bank account.
The age condition should only hold when the setAge(Integer) function is called
An object of Customer with age set to 18 or greater will raise an exception.

Answer(s): B

Explanation:

In UML 2, a class diagram is used to depict the structure of a system by showing the system's classes, their attributes, operations (or methods), and the relationships among the classes. The constraint {age >= 18} in the Person class diagram indicates a condition that must hold true for the instances of the Person class whenever they are used in the context of a BankAccount. This constraint is an invariant of the Person class that specifies the rule for the attribute age.

Now, let's consider the provided options and explain why option B is correct:

A . The preferred age to open a bank account is 18 years old or older This statement is incorrect because the diagram does not indicate a preference; it indicates a constraint or a rule.

B . Only customers who are 18 years old or older can open a bank account This is the correct statement. The {age >= 18} constraint next to the age attribute of the Person class signifies that any instance of Person associated with a BankAccount must be at least 18 years old. Since Person is connected to BankAccount with the role name customer, this implies that only persons who are at least 18 can be customers of a bank account.

C . The age condition should only hold when the setAge(Integer) function is called This statement is incorrect because the constraint {age >= 18} is not a condition that applies only when the setAge operation is invoked. Instead, it is a class invariant that must always hold true for any instance of Person.

D . An object of Customer with age set to 18 or greater will raise an exception This is incorrect because the UML diagram specifies a constraint, not an exception condition. The constraint ensures validity, not the raising of an exception.

The answer is verified according to the UML 2 Foundation documents, such as the UML 2.5 specification, where class diagrams and constraints are defined. The specification states that constraints are semantic conditions or restrictions expressed in natural language text or in a machine-readable language that must hold true for the system being modeled (UML 2.5 specification, section 7.9).

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QUESTION: 15

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Consider the following diagram:

Which statement is correct according to the diagram?

responsiblePerson inherits from Person.
Client and Manager have nothing in common.
responsiblePerson can not refer to an object of class Client.
The object referred to as responsiblePerson can be a Manager.

Answer(s): D

Explanation:

In UML class diagrams, relationships between classes are represented in a number of different ways, including generalization, association, and composition.

Looking at the provided options, let's analyze each one:

A . responsiblePerson inherits from Person This is incorrect because the responsiblePerson is an attribute of the Task class, not a class itself, so it cannot inherit from Person.

B . Client and Manager have nothing in common This is incorrect because both Client and Manager are specialized types of Person as indicated by the generalization arrows pointing to Person.

C . responsiblePerson can not refer to an object of class Client This is incorrect. responsiblePerson is typed by Person, which means that it can refer to an instance of any subclass of Person, including Client.

D . The object referred to as responsiblePerson can be a Manager This is correct. Since responsiblePerson is an attribute of the Task class with the type Person, and Manager is a subclass of Person, responsiblePerson can indeed refer to an instance of Manager.

The correct answer is based on the UML 2 Foundation specification that describes how attributes are typed by classes and can refer to instances of these classes or their subclasses (UML 2.5 specification, sections 9.3.3 and 9.5.3). The generalization relationship (represented by a triangle followed by a line) establishes a hierarchy between a more general element and a more specific element, which in this case means that Client and Manager are both specific types of Person and can be used wherever Person is expected (UML 2.5 specification, section 9.4.5).

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QUESTION: 16

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In the context of a UML model designed to capture the elements of a real-world business enterprise, the class Employee appears in the fragment of a class diagram as shown below:

Which actual entity does this element represent?

An employee of the company
The set of all employees of the company
An anonymous employee of the company
A diagram of an employee of the company

Answer(s): B

Explanation:

In the context of a UML (Unified Modeling Language) model, the class named 'Employee' represents a template for all entities that are classified as employees within the business enterprise model.
Therefore, the correct answer is:

B . The set of all employees of the company

The term 'Employee' in the class diagram is a UML Class, which is defined as a description of a set of objects that share the same attributes, operations, relationships, and semantics (UML 2.5 specification, section 9.2). A class in UML is a blueprint from which individual objects (instances of the class) are created. It is not a representation of any single employee, an anonymous employee, or a diagram of an employee, but rather the conceptual model that defines the properties and behaviors of all employee instances in the domain being modeled.

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