QUESTION: 185

A 35-year-old woman presents to your office complaining of fatigue and global achiness. She states that she has "not been myself" since she developed a bad whiplash after a motor vehicle accident. Her health has otherwise been good. About 3 years ago, she saw a cardiologist for chest pain. A full evaluation ensued including heart catheterization that showed no coronary disease, although her cholesterol levels were elevated and a statin was prescribed. She sleeps poorly and notes that she has gained a considerable amount of weight. She has seen a gastroenterologist who has told her that her abdominal pain and alternating constipation and diarrhea are because of irritable bowel syndrome. Physical examination shows that her height is 5 ft 2 in. and her weight is 240 lb. Blood pressure is 126/78. Pulse is 86 and regular. Heart and lung examinations are completely normal. Her pharynx is normal and she has no lymphadenopathy. Abdominal examination shows diffuse mild tenderness, but no masses, rebound, guarding, or organomegaly. Rectal and pelvic examinations are normal. Muscular strength is 4/5 distally and proximally, but there is a considerable give way secondary to pain. She is tender bilaterally at the occiput across the trapezius, iliac crest at the greater trochanteric, anserine bursae bilaterally, and at the second intercostal space bilaterally.

Reasonable initial evaluations would include which of the following?

electromyogram with nerve conduction studies
muscle biopsy
TSH
Epstein-Barr virus titers
cortisol level

Answer(s): C

Explanation:

The most likely diagnosis in this case is fibromyalgia. Occasionally, hypothyroidism can present in this way, and a low-grade myopathy can create many of these symptoms. A reasonable workup would include chemistries, TSH, and CPK. The usefulness of Epstein-Barr virus titers in this case is minimal. Epidemiologic studies reveal that about 90% of Americans over the age of 20 have been exposed to Epstein-Barr virus even if they never had a clinical scenario of mononucleosis. Your physical examination did not show any question of acute infectious mononucleosis. Findings of elevated IgG antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus would only reveal the fact that she has had the disease in the past. Absent titers might assure you that there was no evidence of a previous infection, but it is unclear how that would help you sort out the current situation.

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QUESTION: 186

A 35-year-old woman presents to your office complaining of fatigue and global achiness. She states that she has "not been myself" since she developed a bad whiplash after a motor vehicle accident. Her health has otherwise been good. About 3 years ago, she saw a cardiologist for chest pain. A full evaluation ensued including heart catheterization that showed no coronary disease, although her cholesterol levels were elevated and a statin was prescribed. She sleeps poorly and notes that she has gained a considerable amount of weight. She has seen a gastroenterologist who has told her that her abdominal pain and alternating constipation and diarrhea are because of irritable bowel syndrome. Physical examination shows that her height is 5 ft 2 in. and her weight is 240 lb. Blood pressure is 126/78. Pulse is 86 and regular. Heart and lung examinations are completely normal. Her pharynx is normal and she has no lymphadenopathy. Abdominal examination shows diffuse mild tenderness, but no masses, rebound, guarding, or organomegaly. Rectal and pelvic examinations are normal. Muscular strength is 4/5 distally and proximally, but there is a considerable give way secondary to pain. She is tender bilaterally at the occiput across the trapezius, iliac crest at the greater trochanteric, anserine bursae bilaterally, and at the second intercostal space bilaterally.

In this patient, which of the following conditions may also be exacerbating her symptoms?

sleep apnea
hyperthyroidism
RA
celiac sprue
medication side effect

Answer(s): A

Explanation:

The most likely diagnosis in this case is fibromyalgia. Occasionally, hypothyroidism can present in this way, and a low-grade myopathy can create many of these symptoms. A reasonable workup would include chemistries, TSH, and CPK. The usefulness of Epstein-Barr virus titers in this case is minimal. Epidemiologic studies reveal that about 90% of Americans over the age of 20 have been exposed to Epstein-Barr virus even if they never had a clinical scenario of mononucleosis. Your physical examination did not show any question of acute infectious mononucleosis. Findings of elevated IgG antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus would only reveal the fact that she has had the disease in the past. Absent titers might assure you that there was no evidence of a previous infection, but it is unclear how that would help you sort out the current situation.

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QUESTION: 187

An 82-year-old woman schedules an appointment to see you for neck and back pain. At age 50, she had an L4-L5 diskectomy and laminectomy. She also has long-standing hypothyroidism for which she takes levothyroxine 0.1 mg daily. Over the past few months, she has become more fatigued and describes pain in both of her arms, her low back, and the front of her thighs. She notes that the tops of her shoulders are also achy. She decided to call for an appointment because of worsening headache. She tells you that she has an appointment later this afternoon with her ophthalmologist, because she noticed some flickering of the vision in her left eye. Upon further questioning, she does acknowledge that she has cut her telephone conversation short with her daughter because her jaw begins to ache if she talks too long. Physical examination shows that she has normal vital signs. She has diffuse scalp tenderness. The oral mucosa is normal without aphthous ulcers and the salivary pool is normal. Her pupils are equal, round, and reactive to light and accommodation, and extraocular muscles are intact. The funduscopic examination appears normal for her age. Neck motion is slightly reduced to lateral flexion and rotation. Her trapezii are tender to palpation, but there is no significant loss of range of motion in her shoulders. Her supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons appear intact. Her quadriceps are mildly tender, but her gastrocnemius muscles are normal. Her strength is normal for age. Her reflexes are normal and symmetrical.

The most likely diagnosis is which of the following?

polymyalgia rheumatica
osteoarthritis of the cervical spine
osteoarthritis of the lumbar spine
bilateral rotator cuff tears
temporal arteritis

Answer(s): E

Explanation:

The diagnosis is almost certainly temporal arteritis. Age over 70, headache with scalp tenderness, jaw claudication, and visual disturbance would suggest the diagnosis even if the sedimentation rate came back within the normal range. Since the patient's supraspinatus and infraspinatus strength are normal, complete rotator cuff tear seems unlikely. Rotator cuff tears would also not explain the leg component. Osteoarthritis of the neck and back could explain many of her clinical features, particularly if spinal stenosis is present, but would not account for the jaw claudication or the headaches with scalp tenderness. Many patients with temporal arteritis have features of polymyalgia rheumatica, but in this case, temporal arteritis is the best working diagnosis.
Temporal arteritis is one of the few unequivocal rheumatic disease emergencies. The patient should be given large doses of prednisone immediately. An ESR should be obtained, but as noted above, even a normal study would not prevent the prednisone from being prescribed at this point. You should also contact the ophthalmologist because there can be retinal clues not picked up on standard office funduscopy. In addition, many ophthalmologists now will do the temporal artery biopsy in their patients. This is a very reasonable next step for the patient and will unequivocally establish the diagnosis.

Temporal arteritis may have skip lesions, and thus, a fairly significant length of the temporal artery should be taken by the surgeon. MRI of the brain, even with MRA, will not help establish a diagnosis of temporal arteritis and will needlessly delay diagnosis, possibly causing the patient to lose vision.

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QUESTION: 188

An 82-year-old woman schedules an appointment to see you for neck and back pain. At age 50, she had an L4-L5 diskectomy and laminectomy. She also has long-standing hypothyroidism for which she takes levothyroxine 0.1 mg daily. Over the past few months, she has become more fatigued and describes pain in both of her arms, her low back, and the front of her thighs. She notes that the tops of her shoulders are also achy. She decided to call for an appointment because of worsening headache. She tells you that she has an appointment later this afternoon with her ophthalmologist, because she noticed some flickering of the vision in her left eye. Upon further questioning, she does acknowledge that she has cut her telephone conversation short with her daughter because her jaw begins to ache if she talks too long. Physical examination shows that she has normal vital signs. She has diffuse scalp tenderness. The oral mucosa is normal without aphthous ulcers and the salivary pool is normal. Her pupils are equal, round, and reactive to light and accommodation, and extraocular muscles are intact. The funduscopic examination appears normal for her age. Neck motion is slightly reduced to lateral flexion and rotation. Her trapezii are tender to palpation, but there is no significant loss of range of motion in her shoulders. Her supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons appear intact. Her quadriceps are mildly tender, but her gastrocnemius muscles are normal. Her strength is normal for age. Her reflexes are normal and symmetrical.

Which of the following should be done next?

start 80 mg prednisone daily
start ibuprofen and refer for a temporal artery biopsy
trigger point injections of triamcinolone in the trapezius muscles
stat MRI/MRA of the head
no treatment until after she is evaluated by the ophthalmologist and a rheumatologist

Answer(s): A

Explanation:

The diagnosis is almost certainly temporal arteritis. Age over 70, headache with scalp tenderness, jaw claudication, and visual disturbance would suggest the diagnosis even if the sedimentation rate came back within the normal range. Since the patient's supraspinatus and infraspinatus strength are normal, complete rotator cuff tear seems unlikely. Rotator cuff tears would also not explain the leg component. Osteoarthritis of the neck and back could explain many of her clinical features, particularly if spinal stenosis is present, but would not account for the jaw claudication or the headaches with scalp tenderness. Many patients with temporal arteritis have features of polymyalgia rheumatica, but in this case, temporal arteritis is the best working diagnosis.
Temporal arteritis is one of the few unequivocal rheumatic disease emergencies. The patient should be given large doses of prednisone immediately. An ESR should be obtained, but as noted above, even a normal study would not prevent the prednisone from being prescribed at this point. You should also contact the ophthalmologist because there can be retinal clues not picked up on standard office funduscopy. In addition, many ophthalmologists now will do the temporal artery biopsy in their patients. This is a very reasonable next step for the patient and will unequivocally establish the diagnosis.

Temporal arteritis may have skip lesions, and thus, a fairly significant length of the temporal artery should be taken by the surgeon. MRI of the brain, even with MRA, will not help establish a diagnosis of temporal arteritis and will needlessly delay diagnosis, possibly causing the patient to lose vision.

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