What is the typical duty cycle of a microwave oven?
Answer(s): C
A microwave oven typically has a duty cycle of about 50% (0.5) when operating, meaning it emits RF energy approximately half of the time, which can significantly interfere with WLAN signals in the 2.4 GHz band.
Which one of the following cannot typically be determined using a Spectrum Analyzer without Wi-Fi integration?
Answer(s): D
A spectrum analyzer without Wi-Fi integration can measure RF energy, channel utilization, and even assist in device location through signal strength readings, but it cannot decode 802.11 frames. Since data rate is derived from frame-level information, it cannot be determined without Wi-Fi protocol analysis.
Laptop-based wireless spectrum analyzers provide a visual representation of RF signals in which domain?
Answer(s): B
Laptop-based wireless spectrum analyzers display RF energy as a function of frequency, providing a visual representation in the frequency domain. This allows identification of interference sources and channel conditions.
The resolution bandwidth of a Fast Fourier Transform plot is dictated by what?
Answer(s): A
In an FFT plot, the resolution bandwidth is determined by the bin size, which defines the frequency width of each discrete segment. Smaller bin sizes provide finer frequency resolution, allowing more detailed analysis of signals.
Which Spectrum Analyzer plot visualizes the spectrum over time?
A waterfall plot displays frequency on one axis, signal strength on another, and time on the third (typically color-coded), allowing visualization of how the spectrum changes over time.
Which of the following statements is true regarding A-MSDUs and A-MPDUs?
Protocol analyzers de-aggregate A-MPDUs to show the individual MPDUs inside, making them appear as separate frames. In contrast, A-MSDUs remain visible as a single aggregated frame, since the multiple MSDUs are encapsulated within one MPDU.
Which statement best describes what you will see when looking at the radio tap header section in a frame decode?
The radio tap header is added by the capturing device’s driver and includes metadata such as channel frequency, signal strength, noise level, and data rate. It is not part of the transmitted frame itself but provides extra context for analysis.
You have deployed a new 802.11ac WLAN for a customer who wants to take advantage of 802.11ac standardized Transmit Beamforming. After the installation you perform a protocol capture to confirm Transmit Beamforming is operating as expected.When analyzing the protocol exchange you observe the beamformer transmits a VHT NDP Announcement frame but you never see the transmitted NDP.What do you conclude from this behavior?
Null Data Packets (NDPs) used in 802.11ac beamforming are PHY-layer constructs without MAC frames. Since protocol analyzers capture at the MAC layer, NDPs do not appear in the capture even though they are transmitted, which is why only the VHT NDP Announcement is visible.
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