Which of the following IP class addresses are not allotted to hosts? Each correct answer represents a complete solution. Choose all that apply.
Answer(s): B,E
Class addresses D and E are not allotted to hosts. Class D addresses are reserved for multicasting, and their address range can extend from 224 to 239. Class E addresses are reserved for experimental purposes. Their addresses range from 240 to 254.Answer option C is incorrect. Class A addresses are specified for large networks. It consists of up to 16,777,214 client devices (hosts), and their address range can extend from 1 to 126.Answer option D is incorrect. Class B addresses are specified for medium size networks. It consists of up to 65,534 client devices, and their address range can extend from 128 to 191.Answer option A is incorrect. Class C addresses are specified for small local area networks (LANs). It consists of up to 245 client devices, and their address range can extend from 192 to 223.
A war dialer is a tool that is used to scan thousands of telephone numbers to detect vulnerable modems. It provides an attacker unauthorized access to a computer. Which of the following tools can an attacker use to perform war dialing? Each correct answer represents a complete solution. Choose all that apply.
Answer(s): A,C
THC-Scan and ToneLoc are tools used for war dialing. A war dialer is a tool that is used to scan thousands of telephone numbers to detect vulnerable modems. It provides the attacker unauthorized access to a computer.Answer option D is incorrect. NetStumbler is a Windows-based tool that is used for the detection of wireless LANs using the IEEE 802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g standards. It detects wireless networks and marks their relative position with a GPS. It uses an 802.11 Probe Request that has been sent to the broadcast destination address. Answer option B is incorrect. Wingate is a proxy server.
Which of the following protocols is used to share information between routers to transport IP Multicast packets among networks?
Answer(s): B
The Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) is used to share information between routers to transport IP Multicast packets among networks. It uses a reverse path-flooding technique and is used as the basis for the Internet's multicast backbone (MBONE). In particular, DVMRP is notorious for poor network scaling, resulting from reflooding, particularly with versions that do not implement pruning. DVMRP's flat unicast routing mechanism also affects its capability to scale.Answer option A is incorrect. The Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) is a Transport layer protocol designed to reserve resources across a network for an integrated services Internet. RSVP does not transport application data but is rather an Internet control protocol, like ICMP, IGMP, or routing protocols. RSVP provides receiver-initiated setup of resource reservations for multicast or unicast data flows with scaling and robustness. RSVP can be used by either hosts or routers to request or deliver specific levels of quality of service (QoS) for application data streams. RSVP defines how applications place reservations and how they can leave the reserved resources once the need for them has ended. RSVP operation will generally result in resources being reserved in each node along a path.Answer option C is incorrect. A remote procedure call (RPC) hides the details of the network by using the common procedure call mechanism familiar to every programmer. Like any ordinary procedure, RPC is also synchronous and parameters are passed to it. A process of the client calls a function on a remote server and remains suspended until it gets back the results.Answer option D is incorrect. LWAPP (Lightweight Access Point Protocol) is a protocol used to control multiple Wi-Fi wireless access points at once. This can reduce the amount of time spent on configuring, monitoring, or troubleshooting a large network. This also allows network administrators to closely analyze the network.
Which of the following is a network interconnectivity device that translates different communication protocols and is used to connect dissimilar network technologies?
Answer(s): A
A gateway is a network interconnectivity device that translates different communication protocols and is used to connect dissimilar network technologies. It provides greater functionality than a router or bridge because a gateway functions both as a translator and a router. Gateways are slower than bridges and routers. A gateway is an application layer device.Answer option B is incorrect. A router is an electronic device that interconnects two or more computer networks. It selectively interchanges packets of data between them. It is a networking device whose software and hardware are customized to the tasks of routing and forwarding information. It helps in forwarding data packets between networks.Answer option C is incorrect. A bridge is an interconnectivity device that connects two local area networks (LANs) or two segments of the same LAN using the same communication protocols, and provides address filtering between them. Users can use this device to divide busy networks into segments and reduce network traffic. A bridge broadcasts data packets to all the possible destinations within a specific segment. Bridges operate at the data-link layer of the OSI model.Answer option D is incorrect. A switch is a network device that selects a path or circuit for sending a data unit to its next destination. It is not required in smaller networks, but is required in large inter-networks, where there can be many possible ways of transmitting a message from a sender to destination. The function of switch is to select the best possible path.On an Ethernet local area network (LAN), a switch determines from the physical device (Media Access Control or MAC) address in each incoming message frame which output port to forward it to and out of. In a wide area packet-switched network, such as the Internet, a switch determines from the IP address in each packet which output port to use for the next part of its trip to the intended destination.
Which of the following is a tool that runs on the Windows OS and analyzes iptables log messages to detect port scans and other suspicious traffic?
PSAD is a tool that runs on the Windows OS and analyzes iptables log messages to detect port scans and other suspicious traffic. It includes many signatures from the IDS to detect probes for various backdoor programs such as EvilFTP, GirlFriend, SubSeven, DDoS tools (mstream, shaft), and advanced port scans (FIN, NULL, XMAS). If it is combined with fwsnort and the Netfilter string match extension, it detects most of the attacks described in the Snort rule set that involve application layer data.Answer option C is incorrect. NetRanger is the complete network configuration and information toolkit that includes the following tools: Ping tool, Trace Route tool, Host Lookup tool, Internet time synchronizer, Whois tool, Finger Unix hosts tool, Host and port scanning tool, check multiple POP3 mail accounts tool, manage dialup connections tool, Quote of the day tool, and monitor Network Settings tool. These tools are integrated in order to use an application interface with full online help. NetRanger is designed for both new and experienced users. This tool is used to help diagnose network problems and to get information about users, hosts, and networks on the Internet or on a user computer network. NetRanger uses multi-threaded and multi-connection technologies in order to be very fast and efficient.Answer option D is incorrect. Nmap is a free open-source utility for network exploration and security auditing. It is used to discover computers and services on a computer network, thus creating a "map" of the network. Just like many simple port scanners, Nmap is capable of discovering passive services. In addition, Nmap may be able to determine various details about the remote computers. These include operating system, device type, uptime, software product used to run a service, exact version number of that product, presence of some firewall techniques and, on a local area network, even vendor of the remote network card. Nmap runs on Linux, Microsoft Windows, etc.
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