EC-Council 312-49V9 Exam Prep
ECCouncil Computer Hacking Forensic Investigator (V9) (Page 13 )

• File hashes
• Strings and metadata
• Binary or code structure
• Known malicious patterns
• Embedded indicators or signatures

• Sandbox: Executes the file in an isolated environment; useful for observing behavior, but usually slower.
• Network traffic analysis: Examines communications generated by a system or application, not the file itself.
• Package monitoring: Tracks software packages or installations and is not the primary method for examining malware signatures.

• Required response time
• Resolution time
• Availability or uptime
• Support hours
• Performance targets
• Consequences if targets are missed

• SOW (Statement of Work): Defines the project’s scope, tasks, deliverables, and schedule.
• MOA (Memorandum of Agreement): Describes the responsibilities and commitments between parties.
• MOU (Memorandum of Understanding): Documents a general mutual understanding or intent, often before a formal agreement.

• A user connects with their Google account.
• Google associates the user’s SSH key with that identity.
• IAM roles determine whether they can log in.
• Access can be tied to a specific employee for auditing.
• Removing the IAM role removes their login access.

• compute.osLogin: regular OS login access
• compute.osAdminLogin: OS login with administrative privileges, typically including sudo

text 
enable-oslogin=TRUE

DAX 
Previous Year Sales = 
CALCULATE( 
    [Total Sales], 
    PARALLELPERIOD('DATE'[Month], -1, YEAR) 
)

• CALCULATE evaluates [Total Sales] after modifying the filter context.
• PARALLELPERIOD shifts the current date period. -1 moves it backward, and YEAR specifies a one-year shift.
• 'DATE'[Month] is the date column used for the time calculation. In a proper date table, this should be a real date column or an appropriate calendar column—not merely text such as "January".

• A single summarized value, such as total annual sales
• Progress toward a defined target or goal
• Whether performance is below, near, or above the target

• Table: Displays detailed records or summarized rows, but not goal progress visually.
• Stacked Bar: Compares multiple categories and their parts.
• Donut: Shows how a total is divided among categories, not progress toward a target.

• httprint fingerprints Web servers by analyzing their HTTP responses. It can help identify the Web server type and sometimes its version, even when the banner has been modified or hidden.
• Wget is mainly used to download files or Web content.
• WinSSLMiM is associated with SSL man-in-the-middle testing.
• Whisker is an older Web-server vulnerability assessment tool, especially associated with IIS, rather than the expected banner-grabbing tool here.

• Process Builder: Automates actions based on record changes; it does not create interactive user forms.
• Approval Process: Routes records for approval and captures approval decisions.
• Outbound Message: Sends information to an external system; it does not provide a user interface.

Step 1: Calculate the rights issue price

Step 2: Calculate the number of new shares

Step 3: Calculate the value after the issue and project

• Rights issue proceeds: $21.6m
• Project NPV: $5m

Step 4: Calculate the theoretical ex-rights price

• Security
• Availability
• Processing integrity
• Confidentiality
• Privacy

• Whether controls are suitably designed, and
• Whether they operated effectively over a period of time

1. Initiate — establish the project, scope, team, and governance.
2. Plan — develop the detailed plan, schedule, resources, and implementation approach.
3. Execute — configure, integrate, migrate, test, and prepare the solution.
4. Deploy — move the solution into production and support go-live.
5. Close — complete handover, confirm outcomes, and formally close the project.

CIMA P3 topics

• IT governance and systems strategy
• Systems development and implementation
• Change and project governance
• Strategic and business risk

• A — Plan for new systems: The committee should help identify and prioritise systems requirements and ensure planned systems support organisational needs.
• D — Consider competitive issues: New information systems may affect Y’s competitive position, service quality and efficiency. These strategic implications should be considered.
• E — Ensure the system meets company goals: This is a key governance responsibility. The committee should ensure the project remains aligned with Y’s objectives and delivers business value.

• B — Develop new systems: Detailed system development should be performed by IT specialists and project teams, not the steering committee.
• C — Manage the project: The project manager should handle day-to-day project management. The steering committee should provide oversight, challenge and key decisions, rather than manage daily activities.

• Disable default accounts: Default or unused accounts may have known usernames or predictable settings, making them targets. They should be disabled, removed, or securely configured.
• Remove unnecessary services: Every running service creates potential vulnerabilities. Removing services the server does not need reduces exploitable entry points.

• Add the server to the asset inventory: Important for asset management, but not a hardening step.
• Document default passwords: Default passwords should be changed or eliminated—not documented for continued use.
• Send server logs to the SIEM: Valuable for monitoring and detection, but generally performed as part of logging/monitoring configuration.
• Join the server to the corporate domain: May be necessary operationally, but does not itself harden the server.

• Filtering harmful or inappropriate content
• Blocking specified topics
• Detecting and masking sensitive information
• Enforcing content policies suitable for children

• Amazon Rekognition analyzes images and videos; it does not control text generated by a language model.
• Amazon Bedrock playgrounds are for testing models and prompts, not enforcing production safety policies.
• Agents for Amazon Bedrock help models complete tasks and use tools; they do not primarily provide content-safety controls.

• Label applied does not automatically exclude a file from Copilot.
• Encryption/usage rights determine whether Copilot can access the file’s content.
• If the user has no permission under Label2, File3 should be unavailable to Copilot for that user.
• File3’s label might be inherited by derived content only if File3 was actually processed and contributed by an authorized user; it should not be treated as contributing merely because it exists in the source set.

• Unrestricted data mining: Data mining is not automatically a privacy violation. It becomes an issue when personal data is collected or used improperly.
• Identity theft: This is a possible consequence of inadequate privacy protection, but it is not the central focus of privacy regulations.
• Human rights protection: Privacy can be considered a human right, but this option is broader than the specific regulatory focus.
• Identifiable personal data: Regulations such as HIPAA focus directly on controlling the collection, use, disclosure, and protection of personal information.

• Document feeder: A scratch, dirt, or debris on the feeder glass or rollers can create a line on every scanned image.
• Pickup rollers: Move paper through the printer; they would not normally create a scanner-only line.
• Corona wire: Affects toner charging and would cause defects on printed output.
• Drum assembly: Also affects printed pages, so faxes and computer print jobs would show the line too.

• Customer needs: Primary focus in agile; guides prioritization and decision-making.
• Organization’s needs: Important constraints, but processes should be tailored when they create waste.
• Agile lead/project manager: Their role is to facilitate value delivery, not prioritize their own preferences.

• Guest access: Controls external users invited into your teams as guests. It is not the primary setting for restricting federated communication by domain.
• Messaging policy: Controls messaging features, such as chat or message editing, rather than which organizations users can communicate with.
• Org-wide Teams settings: Contains broad Teams-wide configuration, but domain-based external communication is configured under External access.

• The product is already in production.
• The organization is examining the product’s functions and cost drivers.
• The objective is to reduce cost without reducing perceived value or required quality.

• Kaizen costing focuses on continuous, usually incremental, cost reductions during the manufacturing stage. It is not specifically the systematic examination of a product’s functions.
• Standard costing compares actual costs with predetermined standards; it is a control technique, not a product redesign method.
• Process innovation concerns developing significantly improved production processes, rather than analysing the product’s functions and value.

• Error correction (ECC): Improves data reliability but does not maximize bandwidth.
• RAM voltage: Increasing voltage may affect stability or speed, but it is not the primary method for increasing module bandwidth.
• Physical module size: Refers to the capacity or form factor of the RAM, not its data-transfer bandwidth.

• Wireshark captures packets and allows you to examine their contents, potentially revealing usernames and passwords sent without encryption.
• Netcat creates network connections and can send or receive data, but it is not primarily a packet-analysis tool.
• Nessus scans for known vulnerabilities and configuration issues; it generally would not prove that credentials are visible in transit.
• Nmap performs network discovery and port/service scanning, not detailed packet-content inspection.

• Determine the project budget — Budget development is a separate cost-management activity.
• Develop a communication plan — This belongs to project communications planning, not schedule completion.
• Establish baselines — Baselines are created after the schedule and related plans have been developed and approved. They formally capture the approved plan.

• Identifies which user or department owns the device
• Supports inventory and compliance requirements
• Enables tracking of lost, stolen, retired, or unauthorized devices
• Helps enforce security controls such as mobile-device management and secure configuration

• B. Conditional access policies

• D. Additional authentication factors

• Disciplinary actions: Punish users but do not prevent credential-based attacks.
• More regular account audits: Useful for finding inactive or excessive accounts, but less direct for stopping unauthorized logins.
• Content filtering: Primarily controls web or email content, not authentication.
• Review of permissions: Reduces privilege but may not stop unauthorized account access.

• SOSL searches text across objects and is not appropriate for selecting Account table columns.
• describeSObjects() provides metadata about objects and fields, but it does not itself build or execute the query.
• Dynamic Schema binding supports runtime determination of object and field information, which is required here.
• REST API is unnecessary because this is being implemented in Apex.

• A — Tables
• B — Named file formats
• C — Schemas
• E — Databases

Why these are correct

• Tables: Can be cloned using CREATE TABLE ... CLONE. The clone initially uses zero-copy cloning, so storage is shared until changes are made.
• Named file formats: Can be cloned as database objects, preserving the file-format definition.
• Schemas: A schema and its eligible objects can be cloned.
• Databases: A database and its eligible schemas and objects can be cloned.

Why the others are incorrect

• Shares: A share is an account-level data-sharing object, not a normal cloneable database object.
• Users: Users are security principals and cannot be cloned with CLONE.

• Power BI dataset — Reuses the existing tables, relationships, and measures. You mainly create new visualizations.
• SharePoint folder — Connects to the source files, but you would need to rebuild the model and measures.
• Power BI dataflows — Primarily provide reusable data preparation; they do not automatically provide the existing report’s measures and model.
• Excel workbook — Requires reconnecting to and modeling the source data again.

• PC A: 192.168.1.10/24
• PC B: 192.168.2.10/24

• Both PCs have a correct default gateway
• A router or Layer 3 switch connects the subnets
• Routing and firewall rules allow the traffic

• SQL injection
• Cross-site scripting (XSS)
• Malicious or malformed web requests
• Some application-layer attacks

• Layer 4 firewall: Filters based mainly on IP addresses, ports, and transport protocols; it cannot deeply inspect web application content.
• NGFW: Provides advanced network filtering and may include application awareness, but a WAF is more specifically designed to protect web applications.
• UTM: Combines several security functions in one appliance, but it is not the most targeted solution for a web portal.

• miami.weyland.com requires a custom domain, which is not available in the Free tier.
• Two instances require a tier that supports scaling out. Standard supports multiple instances.
• SSL support is available in Standard.
• 12 GB of storage exceeds the storage limit of the Basic tier in the older Azure pricing model used by this question.
• Standard provides sufficient storage and features while being cheaper than higher tiers—though higher tiers are not listed here.

• Free/Shared: insufficient features for custom domains, SSL, and multiple instances.
• Basic: supports some production features, but its storage capacity is insufficient for the required 12 GB.

• Act as the default gateway for devices in that VLAN
• Route traffic between different VLANs
• Provide management access to the switch

text 
interface vlan 10 
 ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0

• Initial Intrusion: The compromised VPN account and stolen phishing credentials describe how the attacker first gained access, but that happened months earlier.
• Persistence: The scheduled tasks and recurring C2 connections show how the attacker maintained and automated continued access.
• Search and Exfiltration: This would involve locating and transferring data. The scenario does not primarily describe data discovery or theft.
• Cleanup: Cleanup involves removing evidence or covering tracks. Obfuscated scripts may make detection harder, but the main behavior here is maintaining access.

• The listener uses a virtual IP address shared by the availability-group replicas.
• Floating IP, also called Direct Server Return (DSR), allows the SQL Server nodes to respond using the listener’s IP address rather than their individual VM IP addresses.
• This is required for the availability-group listener to function correctly with an Azure internal load balancer.

1. x = -100
2. -100 < x < 100
3. 100 = x < 1000
4. x = 1000

• -500 ? class 1
• 0 ? class 2
• 100 ? class 3
• 1000 ? class 4

• Each team’s Bedrock workflow uses a separate IAM service role.
• The role’s Amazon S3 permissions can be limited to only that team’s customer folder or objects.
• This enforces least privilege and prevents one team’s Bedrock application from accessing another team’s data.
• Access is enforced by AWS permissions, not by asking users to provide a customer name in each request.

• A single role with broad S3 access does not provide team-level isolation.
• Asking teams to specify a customer name is not an access-control mechanism.
• Redacting data does not prevent unauthorized access.
• A bucket policy alone is insufficient unless it explicitly enforces the required team-role restrictions.

xml 
<apex:page> 
    <apex:stylesheet value="{!URLFOR($Resource.MyStyles, 'styles/main.css')}" /> 
</apex:page>

• <apex:includeScript> is for JavaScript.
• <apex:includeStyle> is not a valid Visualforce component.
• <apex:require> is not the Visualforce tag used to load CSS.

• Complete MFA, or
• Securely change their password

• Identity Protection: evaluates user and sign-in risk and can trigger remediation.
• Privileged Identity Management (PIM): manages temporary, just-in-time access to privileged roles; it does not automatically require password changes for risky sign-ins.

• up ? down ? up
• Often happens rapidly or intermittently

• Faulty or loose cable or connector
• Failing transceiver, NIC, or switch port
• Speed/duplex or auto-negotiation problems
• Power or hardware instability
• Layer 1 interference

• Nothing plugged in: the port is simply down
• Latency: does not directly trigger err-disable
• shutdown: administratively disables the port, but that is not the same as an automatically detected err-disabled condition

1. Clear principles and boundaries — Employees have freedom, but decisions must remain within clear organizational values, policies and limits.
2. High degree of freedom — Managers are trusted to make decisions rather than seeking continual approval from senior management.
3. Frontline customer responsibility — Customer-facing managers should be empowered to manage customer relationships and respond quickly to needs.
4. Transparent and ethical information — Information should be openly available and used honestly, supporting trust and informed decision-making.

• Driver node: Coordinates Spark jobs and runs in the compute environment.
• Worker node: Executes tasks and processes data.
• Databricks Filesystem (DBFS): Provides storage access for data used by compute resources.

• HTTPS: Secure web traffic, not general command-line server administration.
• SNMPv3: Secure network monitoring and management, not interactive server login.
• RDP: Provides graphical remote desktop access. It can be secure, but it is not the direct replacement for Telnet in this scenario.
• SMTP: Used to send email.

• B — AWS DataSync: Transfers data between storage systems. It is not a marketplace or integration service for third-party datasets.
• C — Kinesis Data Streams and CodeCommit: CodeCommit stores source code, not third-party analytical datasets. Kinesis is for streaming data, not retrieving datasets from repositories.
• D — Kinesis Data Streams and ECR: Amazon ECR stores container images, not third-party datasets.