Review the exhibit.In the exhibit, which action is performed by router R4?
Answer(s): D
In the exhibit, router R4 is performing a swap action. This means that router R4 is replacing the incoming label with a new label and forwarding the packet to the next hop along the LSP. In this case, router R4 receives a packet with label 20 from router R3 and swaps it with label 30 before sending it to router R5.The exhibit shows an example of an MPLS network with four routers: R1, R2, R3, and R4. Router R1 is the ingress PE router and router R4 is the egress PE router. Router R2 and R3 are P routers. Router R1 assigns label 10 to the packet and sends it to router R2. Router R2 swaps label 10 with label 20 and sends it to router R3. Router R3 swaps label 20 with label 30 and sends it to router R4. Router R4 removes label 30 from the packet and forwards it based on its IP header or another label in the stack.Therefore, the answer is D.
MPLS Label Switching | MPLS Operation | Push, Swap,Push IPCisco, A Complete Guide to Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) - G2, Multiprotocol Label Switching - Wikipedia
In a company network, a host sends an Ethernet frame destined to the address FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF.What will an Ethernet switch do with this frame?
Answer(s): B
An Ethernet switch will forward the frame to all ports when the destination address isFF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF. This is because this address is the broadcast MAC address, which means that the frame is intended for all devices on the same LAN segment. The switch does not need to look up its MAC address table to find a matching entry for this address, but simply floods the frame out of all ports except the one where it received the frame. This way, the frame reaches every device on the LAN segment, regardless of their MAC addresses.
Ethernet - Wireshark, Broadcast MAC Address - omnisecu.com
Which two statements are true about route summarization? (Choose two.)
Answer(s): A,B
Route summarization is a technique that reduces the number of routes that a router advertises to its neighbors by creating a single summary route that covers multiple subnets or networks. Route summarization has several benefits, such as:It reduces the size of a routing table, which saves memory and CPU resources on the router. A smaller routing table also improves the lookup efficiency and convergence time of the routing protocol.It reduces signaling, which means that less bandwidth is consumed by routing updates and less processing is required by neighboring routers. This also enhances the stability and scalability of the network, as fewer routing changes are propagated.It improves route aggregation, which means that more specific routes are replaced by a less specific route that can be advertised to other autonomous systems or routing domains. This simplifies the inter-domain routing and hides the internal topology details. Route summarization does not necessarily summarize the routing table entries into a default route, although a default route can be considered a special case of route summarization where all destinations are covered by one route. Route summarization also does not improve the best route calculation, as it may introduce suboptimal routing or black holes if not done properly.
Introduction to Route Summarization - NetworkLessons.com, RouteSummarization > Example for Understanding Route Summarization - Cisco Press
Which two label actions are performed by a P router? (Choose two.)
Answer(s): B,D
A P router is a provider router that is part of the service provider's core network in an MPLS environment. A P router does not have any customer routes or VPN information, but only has information about how to reach other P routers and PE routers in the same MPLS domain. A P router performs label switching, which means that it forwards labeled packets based on their top label in the label stack. A P router can perform two possible label actions:Swap: The P router replaces the incoming label with a new label that corresponds to the next hop along the label-switched path (LSP). The new label is determined by looking up the label forwarding information base (LFIB) based on the incoming label and interface. PHP: The P router removes the top label from the packet at the penultimate hop before reaching the egress PE router. This is done to avoid an extra lookup on the egress PE router, which can forward the packet based on its IP header or another label in the stack. A P router does not perform push or drop actions on labels. A push action means adding one or more labels to the packet, which is done by an ingress PE router when initiating an LSP. A drop action means discarding a packet, which is done by any router when there is no matching entry in its LFIB or routing table.
Provider (P) Router in IP MPLS Network - Cisco Community, MPLS Fundamentals: Forwarding Labeled Packets - Cisco Press, MPLS Label Switching | MPLS Operation | Push, Swap,Push IPCisco
How is a BGP session established between two routers?
A BGP session is established between two routers by sending a unicast OPEN message. BGP uses TCP as its transport protocol, which means that before exchanging any BGP information, a TCP connection must be established between the routers. The TCP connection uses port 179 as both source and destination port. After establishing a TCP connection, each router sends an OPEN message to its neighbor, containing parameters such as BGP version number, AS number, hold time, BGP identifier, and optional capabilities. The OPEN message also serves as a keepalive message for BGP. If both routers agree on these parameters, they proceed to exchange UPDATE messages containing routing information and establish a BGP session. A BGP router does not send a NOTIFICATION message to establish a session, but rather to terminate a session due to an error or a manual shutdown. A BGP router does not send a CONNECT message, as this is a TCP state, not a BGP message. A BGP router does not send a multicast HELLO packet, as this is an OSPF message, not a BGP message.
BGP Neighbor States > BGP Fundamentals | Cisco Press, Demystifying BGP Session Establishments - Packet Pushers, The TCP/IP Guide - BGP Connection Establishment: Open Messages
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