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Certified Information Privacy Technologist (CIPT) Questions 111–115 (page: 24)

Explanation:

Why option A is the best choice
Data minimisation – Limiting the amount and granularity of data fed into a GIS directly reduces the risk of exposing personally-identifiable or location-sensitive information. Privacy-by-design principle – Modern GIS architectures embed privacy controls at the ingestion stage, ensuring that only necessary attributes are collected, stored, and processed. Regulatory alignment – Many privacy frameworks (e.g., GDPR, ISO 27701) require that personal data be “adequate, relevant and limited to what is necessary,” which maps to restricting input data to a GIS.
Why the other options are less suitable
B – Using a Wireless Encryption Protocol (WEP) – WEP is obsolete, vulnerable to known attacks, and does not address systematic privacy issues inherent to GIS datasets; it only secures wireless transmission. C – Scrambling location information – Generic obfuscation can degrade the utility of GIS analyses and does not guarantee that re-identification attacks are prevented; proper de-identification or aggregation is required. D – Using a firewall – Firewalls protect network perimeters but do not control the privacy-relevant content of GIS data; they are a complementary, not primary, safeguard for GIS-specific privacy concerns.
Conclusion Protecting privacy in a GIS is most effectively achieved by limiting the data provided to the system at the point of collection, thereby minimizing exposure and aligning with established privacy-by-design standards.

Reference:

NIST Special Publication 800-53 Rev. 5 – Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations (section on data minimisation). https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-53/rev-5/final ISO/IEC 27701:2019 – Privacy Information Management System (PIMS) requirements and guidance (privacy-by-design controls). https://www.iso.org/standard/72012.html

Explanation:

Correct option: A – An individual with an RFID receiver can track people or consumer products.
Technical rationale: RFID tags emit a radio signal that is readable at short to moderate distances without a line-of-sight requirement. Because the signal can be intercepted and decoded by a passive or active receiver, anyone possessing suitable hardware can monitor the presence, location, and movement of tagged items (including passports, credit cards, ID badges, and supply-chain pallets). This capability directly enables surveillance of individuals and continuous tracking of inventory, constituting a fundamental privacy risk.
Why the other options are less accurate:
B – Scrambling transmissions in weapons systems pertains to electronic warfare and signal jamming, which is unrelated to the privacy implications of RFID. C – Video surveillance involves capture of visual imagery; RFID does not generate video data and cannot be used for video monitoring. D – Tapping mobile phone communications targets cellular network protocols, not the electromagnetic signatures of RFID tags.

Reference:

Electronic Frontier Foundation – RFID and Privacy: https://www.eff.org/issues/rfid International Association of Privacy Professionals – RFID and Privacy Fundamentals (CIPP/E preparation material): https://iapp.org/resources/rfid-privacy-fundamentals/

Explanation:

Why option D is the best answer
The transparency principle of Privacy by Design requires that data subjects be informed, before or at the point of collection, about why, how, and with whom their personal data will be processed. In the rental transaction, Chuck electronically signed an agreement that contained all transaction details. Embedding a clear statement inside that agreement that Finley Motors may share the driver’s information with third-party enforcement entities (e.g., AMP Payment Resources) satisfies the proactive notice requirement. This approach ensures the data subject receives the information at the moment of consent , making the data-sharing purpose transparent and allowing the individual to make an informed choice.
Why the other options fall short
Option A – “Signed a data sharing agreement with AMP Payment Resources.” A contract between the parties does not address the subject-facing transparency obligation. The principle demands that the data subject be notified, not merely that the parties have a legal arrangement.
Option B – “Documented that Finley Motors has a legitimate interest to share Chuck’s information.” Relying on a legitimate-interest justification is a lawful-basis justification, but it does not replace the need for clear, prior notice to the data subject. Transparency is about communication, not internal documentation of a legal basis.
Option C – “Obtained verbal consent from Chuck and recorded it within internal systems.” Verbal consent can be valid under certain circumstances, but the GDPR/ privacy-by-design guidance stresses written or explicit consent for material data-sharing events, especially when the data subject is being asked to permit downstream processing. A recorded verbal consent would be harder to demonstrate and does not replace the requirement for a clear notice embedded in the original contract.
Key takeaway
To embed transparency in the rental process, Finley Motors should have provided a clear notice of data-sharing practices within the electronically signed rental agreement , ensuring Chuck was informed before his personal data could be transferred to AMP Payment Resources.

Reference:

International Association of Privacy Professionals (IAPP), Privacy by Design: A Practical Guide – https://iapp.org/resources/privacy-by-design-practical-guide/ European Data Protection Board (EDPB), Guidelines on transparency under the GDPR – https://edpb.europa.eu/guidelines/transparency_en.pdf

Explanation:

Why TLS (Transport Layer Security) is the most secure choice
Encryption in transit – TLS encrypts all data exchanged between Finley Motors and AMP Payment Resources, preventing eavesdropping on personally identifiable information such as Chuck’s name, address, and billing details. Authentication – TLS can be coupled with digital certificates so that each party verifies the identity of the other, mitigating man-in-the-middle attacks.
Data integrity – TLS uses message authentication codes (MACs) to detect any alteration of the transmitted payload, ensuring the fine-infraction record arrives unchanged. Industry-standard compliance – Using TLS aligns with best-practice frameworks (e.g., NIST SP 800-52, ISO/IEC 27001) that require protected transmission of sensitive data, making it the baseline for secure data-exchange pipelines.
Why the other options are unsuitable

A: Cloud file transfer services – While many cloud services employ TLS underneath, the service itself is not a transmission protocol; it adds an extra layer of storage and management that is unnecessary for a direct, one-time data transfer and may introduce uncontrolled data residency risks. B. Certificate Authority (CA) – A CA is an entity that issues certificates; it does not itself provide a transport mechanism. Relying on a CA without an encrypted channel does not secure the data in motion. C. HTTP – Standard HTTP transmits data in clear text. Even if the URL appears innocuous, the lack of encryption exposes all fields (including personal identifiers) to interception, making it unacceptable for PII under modern privacy regulations.
Therefore, the only option that directly guarantees a secure, confidential, and authenticated transmission channel is Transport Layer Security (TLS) .

Reference:

NIST Special Publication 800-52 Rev. 2 – Guidelines on Securing Telecommunications; https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-52/rev-2/final IETF Transport Layer Security (TLS) Overview; https://www.ietf.org/technologies/tls/ (official protocol documentation)

Explanation: