QUESTION: 193 Topic: 1, Access Control

In an organization where there are frequent personnel changes, non-discretionary access control using Role Based Access Control (RBAC) is useful because:

people need not use discretion
the access controls are based on the individual's role or title within the organization.
the access controls are not based on the individual's role or title within the organization
the access controls are often based on the individual's role or title within the organization

Answer(s): B

Explanation:

In an organization where there are frequent personnel changes, non-discretionary access control (also called Role Based Access Control) is useful because the access controls are based on the individual's role or title within the organization. You can easily configure a new employee acces by assigning the user to a role that has been predefine. The user will implicitly inherit the permissions of the role by being a member of that role.
These access permissions defined within the role do not need to be changed whenever a new person takes over the role.
Another type of non-discretionary access control model is the Rule Based Access Control (RBAC or RuBAC) where a global set of rule is uniformly applied to all subjects accessing the resources.
A good example of RuBAC would be a firewall.
This question is a sneaky one, one of the choice has only one added word to it which is often. Reading questions and their choices very carefully is a must for the real exam. Reading it twice if needed is recommended.
Shon Harris in her book list the following ways of managing RBAC:
Role-based access control can be managed in the following ways:
Non-RBAC Users are mapped directly to applications and no roles are used. (No roles being used)
Limited RBAC Users are mapped to multiple roles and mapped directly to other types of applications that do not have role-based access functionality. (A mix of roles for applications that supports roles and explicit access control would be used for applications that do not support roles)
Hybrid RBAC Users are mapped to multiapplication roles with only selected rights assigned to those roles.
Full RBAC Users are mapped to enterprise roles. (Roles are used for all access being granted)
NIST defines RBAC as:
Security administration can be costly and prone to error because administrators usually specify access control lists for each user on the system individually. With RBAC, security is managed at a level that corresponds closely to the organization's structure. Each user is assigned one or more roles, and each role is assigned one or more privileges that are permitted to users in that role. Security administration with RBAC consists of determining the operations that must be executed by persons in particular jobs, and assigning employees to the proper roles. Complexities introduced by mutually exclusive roles or role hierarchies are handled by the RBAC software, making security administration easier.

Reference:

KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, 2001, John Wiley & Sons, Page 32.
and
Harris, Shon (2012-10-25). CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, 6th Edition McGraw-Hill.
and
http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/SNS/rbac/

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QUESTION: 194 Topic: 1, Access Control

Another type of access control is lattice-based access control. In this type of control a lattice model is applied. How is this type of access control concept applied?

The pair of elements is the subject and object, and the subject has an upper bound equal or higher than the upper bound of the object being accessed.
The pair of elements is the subject and object, and the subject has an upper bound lower then the upper bound of the object being accessed.
The pair of elements is the subject and object, and the subject has no special upper or lower bound needed within the lattice.
The pair of elements is the subject and object, and the subject has no access rights in relation to an object.

Answer(s): A

Explanation:

To apply this concept to access control, the pair of elements is the subject and object, and the subject has to have an upper bound equal or higher than the object being accessed.
WIKIPEDIA has a great explanation as well:
In computer security, lattice-based access control (LBAC) is a complex access control based on the interaction between any combination of objects (such as resources, computers, and applications) and subjects (such as individuals, groups or organizations). In this type of label-based mandatory access control model, a lattice is used to define the levels of security that an object may have and that a subject may have access to. The subject is only allowed to access an object if the security level of the subject is greater than or equal to that of the object.

Reference:

KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, 2001, John Wiley & Sons, Page 34.
and
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice-based_access_control

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QUESTION: 195 Topic: 1, Access Control

Detective/Technical measures:

include intrusion detection systems and automatically-generated violation reports from audit trail information.
do not include intrusion detection systems and automatically-generated violation reports from audit trail information.
include intrusion detection systems but do not include automatically-generated violation reports from audit trail information.
include intrusion detection systems and customised-generated violation reports from audit trail information.

Answer(s): A

Explanation:

Detective/Technical measures include intrusion detection systems and automatically-generated violation reports from audit trail information. These reports can indicate variations from "normal" operation or detect known signatures of unauthorized access episodes. In order to limit the amount of audit information flagged and reported by automated violation analysis and reporting mechanisms, clipping levels can be set.

Reference:

KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, 2001, John Wiley & Sons, Page 35.

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QUESTION: 196 Topic: 1, Access Control

Identification and authentication are the keystones of most access control systems. Identification establishes:

User accountability for the actions on the system.
Top management accountability for the actions on the system.
EDP department accountability for the actions of users on the system.
Authentication for actions on the system

Answer(s): A

Explanation:

Identification and authentication are the keystones of most access control systems. Identification establishes user accountability for the actions on the system.
The control environment can be established to log activity regarding the identification, authentication, authorization, and use of privileges on a system. This can be used to detect the occurrence of errors, the attempts to perform an unauthorized action, or to validate when provided credentials were exercised. The logging system as a detective device provides evidence of actions (both successful and unsuccessful) and tasks that were executed by authorized users.
Once a person has been identified through the user ID or a similar value, she must be authenticated, which means she must prove she is who she says she is. Three general factors can be used for authentication: something a person knows, something a person has, and something a person is. They are also commonly called authentication by knowledge, authentication by ownership, and authentication by characteristic.
For a user to be able to access a resource, he first must prove he is who he claims to be, has the necessary credentials, and has been given the necessary rights or privileges to perform the actions he is requesting. Once these steps are completed successfully, the user can access and use network resources; however, it is necessary to track the user's activities and enforce accountability for his actions.
Identification describes a method of ensuring that a subject (user, program, or process) is the entity it claims to be. Identification can be provided with the use of a username or account number. To be properly authenticated, the subject is usually required to provide a second piece to the credential set. This piece could be a password, passphrase, cryptographic key, personal identification number (PIN), anatomical attribute, or token.
These two credential items are compared to information that has been previously stored for this subject. If these credentials match the stored information, the subject is authenticated. But we are not done yet. Once the subject provides its credentials and is properly identified, the system it is trying to access needs to determine if this subject has been given the necessary rights and privileges to carry out the requested actions. The system will look at some type of access control matrix or compare security labels to verify that this subject may indeed access the requested resource and perform the actions it is attempting. If the system determines that the subject may access the resource, it authorizes the subject.
Although identification, authentication, authorization, and accountability have close and complementary definitions, each has distinct functions that fulfill a specific requirement in the process of access control. A user may be properly identified and authenticated to the network, but he may not have the authorization to access the files on the file server. On the other hand, a user may be authorized to access the files on the file server, but until she is properly identified and authenticated, those resources are out of reach.

Reference:

Schneiter, Andrew (2013-04-15). Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK, Third Edition: Access Control ((ISC)2 Press) (Kindle Locations 889-892). Auerbach Publications. Kindle Edition.
and
Harris, Shon (2012-10-25). CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, 6th Edition (Kindle Locations 3875- 3878). McGraw-Hill. Kindle Edition.
and
Harris, Shon (2012-10-25). CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, 6th Edition (Kindle Locations 3833- 3848). McGraw-Hill. Kindle Edition.
and

KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, 2001, John Wiley & Sons, Page 36.

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Free SSCP Exam Braindumps (page: 49)

QUESTION: 193 Topic: 1, Access Control

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QUESTION: 194 Topic: 1, Access Control

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QUESTION: 195 Topic: 1, Access Control

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QUESTION: 196 Topic: 1, Access Control

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