QUESTION: 357 Topic: 2, Security Operation Adimnistration

Which of the following security modes of operation involves the highest risk?

Compartmented Security Mode
Multilevel Security Mode
System-High Security Mode
Dedicated Security Mode

Answer(s): B

Explanation:

In multilevel mode, two or more classification levels of data exist, some people are not cleared for all the data on the system.
Risk is higher because sensitive data could be made available to someone not validated as being capable of maintaining secrecy of that data (i.e., not cleared for it).
In other security modes, all users have the necessary clearance for all data on the system.

Reference:

LaROSA, Jeanette (domain leader), Application and System Development Security CISSP Open Study Guide, version 3.0, January 2002.

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QUESTION: 358 Topic: 2, Security Operation Adimnistration

During which phase of an IT system life cycle are security requirements developed?

Operation
Initiation
Functional design analysis and Planning
Implementation

Answer(s): C

Explanation:

The software development life cycle (SDLC) (sometimes referred to as the System Development Life Cycle) is the process of creating or altering software systems, and the models and methodologies that people use to develop these systems.
The NIST SP 800-64 revision 2 has within the description section of para 3.2.1:
This section addresses security considerations unique to the second SDLC phase. Key security activities for this phase include:
· Conduct the risk assessment and use the results to supplement the baseline security controls; · Analyze security requirements;
· Perform functional and security testing;
· Prepare initial documents for system certification and accreditation; and · Design security architecture.
Reviewing this publication you may want to pick development/acquisition. Although initiation would be a decent choice, it is correct to say during this phase you would only brainstorm the idea of security requirements. Once you start to develop and acquire hardware/software components then you would also develop the security controls for these. The Shon Harris reference below is correct as well.
Shon Harris' Book (All-in-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide) divides the SDLC differently:
Project initiation
Functional design analysis and planning
System design specifications
Software development
Installation
Maintenance support
Revision and replacement
According to the author (Shon Harris), security requirements should be developed during the functional design analysis and planning phase.
SDLC POSITIONING FROM NIST 800-64

SDLC Positioning in the enterprise
Information system security processes and activities provide valuable input into managing IT systems and their development, enabling risk identification, planning and mitigation. A risk management approach involves continually balancing the protection of agency information and assets with the cost of security controls and mitigation strategies throughout the complete information system development life cycle (see Figure 2-1 above). The most effective way to implement risk management is to identify critical assets and operations, as well as systemic vulnerabilities across the agency. Risks are shared and not bound by organization, revenue source, or topologies. Identification and verification of critical assets and operations and their interconnections can be achieved through the system security planning process, as well as through the compilation of information from the Capital Planning and Investment Control (CPIC)
and Enterprise Architecture (EA) processes to establish insight into the agency's vital business operations, their supporting assets, and existing interdependencies and relationships.
With critical assets and operations identified, the organization can and should perform a business impact analysis (BIA). The purpose of the BIA is to relate systems and assets with the critical services they provide and assess the consequences of their disruption. By identifying these systems, an agency can manage security effectively by establishing priorities. This positions the security office to facilitate the IT program's cost-effective performance as well as articulate its business impact and value to the agency.
SDLC OVERVIEW FROM NIST 800-64
SDLC Overview from NIST 800-64 Revision 2

NIST 800-64 Revision 2 is one publication within the NISTstandards that I would recommend you look at for more details about the SDLC. It describe in great details what activities would take place and they have a nice diagram for each of the phases of the SDLC. You will find a copy at:
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-64-Rev2/SP800-64-Revision2.pdf
DISCUSSION:
Different sources present slightly different info as far as the phases names are concerned.
People sometimes gets confused with some of the NIST standards. For example NIST 800-64 Security Considerations in the Information System Development Life Cycle has slightly different names, the activities mostly remains the same.
NIST clearly specifies that Security requirements would be considered throughout ALL of the phases. The keyword here is considered, if a question is about which phase they would be developed than Functional Design Analysis would be the correct choice.
Within the NIST standard they use different phase, howeverr under the second phase you will see that they talk specifically about Security Functional requirements analysis which confirms it is not at the initiation stage so it become easier to come out with the answer to this question. Here is what is stated:
The security functional requirements analysis considers the system security environment, including the enterprise information security policy and the enterprise security architecture. The analysis should address all requirements for confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information, and should include a review of all legal, functional, and other security requirements contained in applicable laws, regulations, and guidance.
At the initiation step you would NOT have enough detailed yet to produce the Security Requirements. You are mostly brainstorming on all of the issues listed but you do not develop them all at that stage.
By considering security early in the information system development life cycle (SDLC), you may be able to avoid higher costs later on and develop a more secure system from the start.
NIST says:
NIST`s Information Technology Laboratory recently issued Special Publication (SP) 800-64, Security Considerations in the Information System Development Life Cycle, by Tim Grance, Joan Hash, and Marc Stevens, to help organizations include security requirements in their planning for every phase of the system life cycle, and to select, acquire, and use appropriate and cost-effective security controls.
I must admit this is all very tricky but reading skills and paying attention to KEY WORDS is a must for this exam.

Reference:

HARRIS, Shon, All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide, McGraw-Hill/Osborne, Fifth Edition, Page 956
and
NIST S-64 Revision 2 at http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-64-Rev2/SP800-64- Revision2.pdf
and
http://www.mks.com/resources/resource-pages/software-development-life-cycle-sdlc-system-
development

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QUESTION: 359 Topic: 2, Security Operation Adimnistration

Which of the following phases of a system development life-cycle is most concerned with establishing a good security policy as the foundation for design?

Development/acquisition
Implementation
Initiation
Maintenance

Answer(s): C

Explanation:

A security policy is an important document to develop while designing an information system. The security policy begins with the organization's basic commitment to information security formulated as a general policy statement.
The policy is then applied to all aspects of the system design or security solution. The policy identifies security goals (e.g., confidentiality, integrity, availability, accountability, and assurance) the system should support, and these goals guide the procedures, standards and controls used in the IT security architecture design.
The policy also should require definition of critical assets, the perceived threat, and security- related roles and responsibilities.

Reference:

STONEBURNER, Gary & al, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), NIST Special Publication 800-27, Engineering Principles for Information Technology Security (A Baseline for Achieving Security), June 2001 (page 6).

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QUESTION: 360 Topic: 2, Security Operation Adimnistration

When considering an IT System Development Life-cycle, security should be:

Mostly considered during the initiation phase.
Mostly considered during the development phase.
Treated as an integral part of the overall system design.
Added once the design is completed.

Answer(s): C

Explanation:

Security must be considered in information system design. Experience has shown it is very difficult to implement security measures properly and successfully after a system has been developed, so it should be integrated fully into the system life-cycle process. This includes establishing security policies, understanding the resulting security requirements, participating in the evaluation of security products, and finally in the engineering, design, implementation, and disposal of the system.

Reference:

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