PRINCE2 PRINCE2 Agile Foundation Exam Prep
PRINCE2 Agile Foundation (Page 9 )

• Modelo de embeddings multimodal: transforma texto e imagens em vetores no mesmo espaço semântico. Isso permite comparar uma consulta textual com imagens, ou uma imagem com textos relacionados.
• Modelo generativo multimodal: interpreta diferentes modalidades e gera conteúdo, mas não é a escolha específica para indexação e busca vetorial.
• Modelo de geração de imagens: cria imagens, portanto é inadequado.
• Modelo de embeddings de texto: não atende consultas com imagens.

• VM CPU, memory, disk, and network usage
• Storage transactions and latency
• App Service response time
• Database DTU or CPU utilization

• Azure Traffic Analytics analyzes network traffic flows and security patterns; it is not the general infrastructure metrics tool.
• Azure Activity Log records subscription-level control-plane operations, such as resource creation, deletion, or configuration changes.
• Azure Advisor provides recommendations about cost, security, reliability, performance, and operational excellence, but it is not the primary tool for investigating live metrics.

• NIDS: Monitors network traffic for suspicious activity and network-based attacks targeting the application or its supporting services.
• HIPS: Protects an individual host by monitoring processes, files, and system activity. It can help secure the web server, but it is not focused specifically on the application’s network attack surface.
• SIEM: Aggregates and correlates logs; it does not directly prevent attacks.
• Honeypot: A decoy system, not the primary protection for a production web application.
• Certificate revocation list: Deals with certificate trust, not application exploitation.

• A — Custom Button: A button can launch a flow, typically by passing the flow’s URL and record context.
• D — From a Process: A Process can invoke a flow using an Apex action configured for flow invocation. However, this is automation-triggered, not directly accessed by a user.
• B — Quick Action: In current Salesforce functionality, a Flow Quick Action can launch a screen flow directly from a record page. This makes B a valid modern method.
• C — Visual Workflow Launcher: This is not generally listed as a standard access method in current Salesforce terminology; Salesforce commonly uses the Flow component on Lightning pages instead.

Question 3: AWS Storage Gateway File Gateway

• A: S3 bucket per user — S3 is object storage, not a traditional shared file system; mounting it requires extra tools and is less efficient.
• B: File Gateway — Provides a local file share using standard file protocols while storing files in Amazon S3. This preserves convenient local access and extends storage capacity.
• C: WorkSpaces and WorkDocs — Designed for virtual desktops and document collaboration, not large shared file storage.
• D: EC2 with EBS — EBS is attached to one EC2 instance and is not designed for direct multi-user file sharing.

• Detect risky sign-ins from unfamiliar or unidentified IP addresses
• Evaluate user or sign-in risk
• Automatically require a password change because of a risky sign-in

• User risk policy: Can require a user to securely change their password when the account may be compromised.
• Sign-in risk policy: Can require MFA or block access based on the risk of a particular sign-in.

1. Product + ProductSubCategory: Inner join

1. Result + ProductCategory: Left outer join

• Drops packets when traffic exceeds a certain bitrate: This describes traffic policing, not shaping.
• Fragments large packets and queues them: Shaping does not fragment packets as its primary congestion-control action.
• Drops packets randomly from lower-priority queues: Packet dropping may occur if a shaping queue becomes full, but it is not the defining behavior.

• Shaping: buffers and delays excess traffic.
• Policing: drops or marks traffic that exceeds the configured rate.

• A: Daily involvement is unnecessary and may not solve the availability problem.
• C: Clarifying all requirements at the start conflicts with agile’s iterative refinement.
• D: Simply reviewing based on availability leaves the problem unresolved and allows rework to continue.

• Scheduling overlapping working hours for critical collaboration
• Assigning independent tasks that can proceed asynchronously
• Adding clear handoffs between offices
• Documenting decisions, questions, and required inputs
• Building appropriate time into the schedule for responses

• Threat perspective: Focuses on possible attacks, but may seem technical or hypothetical.
• Compliance perspective: Can motivate action, but compliance alone does not demonstrate the broader business value of governance.
• Policy perspective: Policies are important, but they are a means of implementing governance, not its primary business justification.

• An Anypoint VPC provides private network connectivity for CloudHub applications.
• An IPsec VPN tunnel or AWS Direct Connect connects that VPC to the customer’s on-premises network without exposing the database to the public internet.
• The VPC and on-premises firewalls must allow the required traffic, routes, and ports.

• Static IP addresses only identify the application’s outbound traffic; they do not create a private network path to the database.
• A Dedicated Load Balancer does not replace the required network connection to the on-premises environment. It is also unnecessary merely to reach individual databases.
• Moving sensitive databases to a DMZ is not the intended architecture and could reduce their protection.

• Determining ISP-assigned address space: Usually involves public reconnaissance, such as WHOIS or regional Internet registry information.
• Bypassing DNS sinkholing: Would require evidence that malicious domains are resolving outside the organization’s sinkhole controls.
• Achieving initial access: DNS log entries alone do not demonstrate compromise or entry.
• Exfiltrating data: DNS tunneling generally involves repeated queries containing encoded or unusually long data, not merely internal host discovery.

• Open or insecure ports
• Enabled legacy or insecure protocols
• Known vulnerabilities and misconfigurations
• Weak services and outdated software

• curl tests web requests and HTTP-based services.
• Wireshark captures and analyzes network traffic; it does not normally scan servers for weaknesses.
• netcat can test connectivity to individual ports and sometimes grab service banners, but it is not a comprehensive vulnerability scanner.

• AWS AppSync is designed for serverless applications that need to retrieve and combine data from multiple sources.
• A pipeline resolver can invoke multiple functions or data-source resolvers, including resolvers connected to different DynamoDB tables.
• The application can receive the combined result through one GraphQL request, without requiring custom aggregation logic in the application.
• This is operationally efficient because AppSync manages the API layer and resolver execution.

• Athena Federated Query is intended primarily for analytics and ad hoc querying, not low-latency application data retrieval.
• Querying DynamoDB through Athena can consume DynamoDB read capacity and may affect table performance.
• It also introduces analytical-query overhead and is not the normal choice for a microservice web application.

• OpenID Connect (OIDC) is an authentication layer built on OAuth 2.0.
• It returns an ID token, normally a JWT containing identity claims such as the user’s subject, name, email, or other permitted attributes.
• The wellness application can consume those claims without needing a separate user-information call.

• JWT Bearer Token Flow: intended for server-to-server authorization and does not primarily provide an end-user ID token.
• Web Server Flow: is an OAuth authorization-code flow. It can be used with OIDC in some implementations, but “Web Server Flow” alone does not specifically guarantee an ID token.
• User Agent Flow: describes an OAuth flow, not the identity protocol itself.

• Encryption to preserve confidentiality
• Integrity protection to detect alteration
• Authentication of the server through certificates

• SHA-256: A hashing algorithm; it does not encrypt data for transmission.
• SSL 3.0: Obsolete and insecure. It should not be used.
• AES-256: A strong encryption algorithm, but by itself it does not provide the complete secure communication protocol needed for data in transit.

• The VPN gateway is in VirtualNetworkA.
• Gateway transit is configured on the peering associated with the VNet that contains the gateway—here, VirtualNetworkA.
• A peered VNet may use the remote gateway through the appropriate peering option, but this does not automatically update an existing P2S client’s routes.
• The Windows 10 workstation’s P2S VPN client package was created before VirtualNetworkB was peered, so it may not have a route for VirtualNetworkB.

• A: Allow SAN certificates — SANs are used to identify valid hostnames in a certificate. They do not bypass trust validation.
• C: Open the secure LDAP port — A blocked port would normally cause a timeout or connection-refused error, not certificate errors.
• D: Increase the TLS version on the RA — The issue concerns certificate trust, not the organization’s registration authority.

• Unfamiliar locations or IP addresses
• Anonymous or malicious IP addresses
• Leaked credentials
• Unusual sign-in behavior

• Gaia Portal: Controlled by Gaia administration settings, not SmartConsole Trusted Clients.
• SSH: Controlled by Gaia or operating-system SSH access settings.
• Security Gateway(s): SmartConsole connects to the Security Management Server, not directly to gateways for this purpose.

• BCP: Maintains essential business operations during and after disruption. It is broader than IT recovery, but the question focuses on restoring the destroyed data center.
• Communication plan: Defines how the organization communicates with staff, the public, and other stakeholders.
• IRP: Handles security incidents such as malware, unauthorized access, or data breaches—not physical disaster recovery.

• R-squared: Typically used for regression, not classification.
• RMSE: Measures prediction error for continuous numerical values, so it is not the best fit here.
• Learning rate: A training hyperparameter that controls how quickly the model updates its weights; it is not an evaluation metric.

• Access controls — ensuring only authorized users can access it.
• Encryption — protecting the data if it is intercepted or exposed.

• The VM keeps its configuration, disks, IP settings, and associated resources.
• The operation may cause downtime.
• You cannot guarantee that it will move specifically to Host2; Azure selects the new host.
• Update management is for update configuration, not host relocation.
• Moving to another subscription does not move the VM to a different physical host.
• Usage location is unrelated to VM placement.

• SAML: Enables federated authentication and single sign-on between the IdP and SaaS providers.
• OAuth tokens: Allow delegated application access; OAuth is not primarily the first step for employee SSO.
• Password vaulting: Stores or autofills multiple passwords but does not eliminate the separate credentials or provide true federation.

• The servers are powered on.
• The network is functioning.
• Devices can still reach the server network.

• ARP poisoning: Redirects or intercepts local network traffic; it usually affects communication paths rather than overwhelming a service.
• Jamming: Disrupts wireless or radio signals. It would not fit a system that remains accessible from devices on the server network.
• Kerberoasting: Attempts to crack service-account credentials from Kerberos tickets; it does not normally cause an immediate outage.

1. Which host originated the infection

1. Which remaining hosts are infected

• C — “when the query finishes”

• D — “when the query began”

• Reviewing security policies and standards checks whether controls are documented, not whether they work.
• Reviewing security logs may show that monitoring is occurring, but does not directly establish that preventive controls are effective.
• Analyzing technical security practices is broad and may assess implementation, but it is less objective than an actual controlled attack.

• Design/compliance effectiveness: policies, standards, and procedures
• Operational effectiveness: logs, records, and evidence that controls operate
• Technical security effectiveness: penetration testing or vulnerability testing

• Whether a user has a console password
• Password age and last password change
• Whether MFA is enabled
• Access key status
• Access key creation date and last-use information
• Access key age, which helps audit rotation

• IAM Access Analyzer identifies unintended access to resources; it does not report credential age or rotation.
• AWS Artifact provides AWS compliance documents and agreements, not details about your IAM users.
• AWS Audit Manager helps collect evidence for audits, but it is not the direct tool for viewing IAM credential rotation details.

• Hardware and infrastructure
• System software
• Networks and communications
• Technology platforms and services

• Business Architecture: Defines business strategy, organization, functions, and processes.
• Data Architecture: Defines the structure and management of enterprise data.
• Application Architecture: Describes application systems and how they interact to support business and data processing.

• 16GB RAM: A 64-bit OS is needed to use more than roughly 4GB effectively, but RAM capacity does not prove the CPU supports 64-bit operation.
• 500GB HDD: Storage capacity has no bearing on OS architecture.
• 1Gbps Ethernet: Network speed is unrelated to CPU architecture.

• Prevent connections to malware command-and-control servers
• Identify infected systems making those DNS requests
• Collect information for incident response

• A: Attackers do not normally use sinkholes to map a company’s domain structure.
• B: Redirecting employees from legitimate sites to attacker-owned sites describes malicious DNS manipulation, not a defensive sinkhole.
• D: Attracting attackers away from real resources is more closely associated with a honeypot or deception system.

• Matching hashes suggest the file has not changed.
• Different hashes indicate that the file was modified, whether authorized or unauthorized.

• Backup: Helps recover the previous version but does not identify or stop unauthorized changes.
• File labels: Classify or mark files; they do not verify integrity.
• Security audit: May discover weaknesses or improper changes, but is periodic and not a direct technical integrity control.

• Vertical scaling (scale up) means increasing the size of an existing VM—for example, adding CPU or RAM.
• Vertical scaling down means reducing the VM’s size when less capacity is needed.
• Horizontal scaling (scale out) means adding more VM instances rather than making one VM larger.
• Elasticity is the broader ability to automatically adjust resources based on demand; it does not specifically mean adding CPU or memory to one VM.
• Agility refers to the ability to provision or change resources quickly.

• Disable default accounts: Default or unused accounts may have predictable names or credentials and can be abused by attackers. They should be disabled, removed, or secured with strong credentials where necessary.
• Remove unnecessary services: Every running service can contain vulnerabilities or provide an entry point. Removing services the server does not need reduces exposure.

• Add the server to the asset inventory: Important for asset management, but it does not directly harden the system.
• Document default passwords: Default passwords should be changed or disabled—not recorded for continued use.
• Send logs to the SIEM: Supports monitoring and detection, rather than directly reducing the attack surface.
• Join the corporate domain: A deployment/configuration decision, not inherently a hardening measure.

• Due Date
• Order Date
• Delivery Date

DAX 
Order Date = 'Due Date' 
Delivery Date = 'Due Date'

• Due Date[Date] ? Sales[Due Date]
• Order Date[Date] ? Sales[Order Date]
• Delivery Date[Date] ? Sales[Delivery Date]

• Supervised learning requires labeled examples to learn how to classify customers.
• Reinforcement learning learns through actions, rewards, and penalties, which is not the main task here.
• RLHF uses human feedback to improve model behavior, typically for generative AI, not customer segmentation.

• Uses on-premises data or resources
• Runs components in the cloud
• Can scale across multiple cloud environments when demand increases

• Public cloud: Resources are hosted entirely by a cloud provider.
• Private cloud: Resources are dedicated to one organization, usually in its own environment.
• Hybrid: Combines on-premises and cloud resources.

• Microsoft 365 groups can contain users, but generally can’t contain other groups as members.
• Security groups can contain users and, where supported, other security groups.
• Distribution groups have different nesting restrictions and aren’t equivalent to security groups.
• Dynamic groups can’t be manually populated with members; their membership is calculated from rules.
• A group’s membership type (Assigned or Dynamic) and group type determine whether it can be added to another group.

• Confirm the required columns and data types
• Identify the target/label column
• Handle missing or duplicate records if present
• Transform data into a suitable format
• Split it into training and validation/test datasets

1. Prepare the training data
2. Select an algorithm or configure AutoML
3. Train the model
4. Evaluate its performance
5. Tune hyperparameters if needed
6. Deploy the model

• MAC flooding: Overwhelms a switch’s MAC address table, potentially causing traffic to be broadcast.
• DNS spoofing: Provides false DNS responses to redirect users.
• ARP poisoning: Sends false ARP information to associate an attacker’s MAC address with another device’s IP address.

1. Get Data > Folder

1. Expand the Attributes column

1. Remove the Content column

• Folder connector: lists files and their metadata, but also includes a Content binary column.
• Combine Files: processes and combines the actual CSV contents, which is explicitly disallowed here.

• Blue team: Defends systems, monitors activity, and responds to attacks.
• Purple team: Coordinates red- and blue-team activities to improve defenses.
• White team: Oversees or manages the exercise, including rules and scope.

• Ease of exploitation
• Required privileges
• User interaction
• Impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability

• CVE: Identifies and names a specific publicly known vulnerability; it does not measure severity.
• OSINT: Refers to intelligence gathered from publicly available sources.
• SOAR: Automates and coordinates security operations, such as alert response and playbooks.

• Guiding principles
• Governance
• Service value chain
• Practices
• Continual improvement

• Guiding principles: Recommendations that guide decisions and actions; they do not describe the entire system.
• Four dimensions: Perspectives used to ensure a balanced approach to service management.
• Service relationship: Describes cooperation between a service provider and service consumer, rather than the whole value-creation system.

• A larger question bank with verified answers
• Explanations tied to ISACA exam domains
• Current content aligned with the exam blueprint
• Useful review or progress features

• GPU: A failure may cause no video output, but the PC usually still powers on.
• RAM: Can prevent booting or produce error beeps, but fans and power indicators generally work.
• CPU: Can prevent startup or booting, but it usually does not cause a completely lifeless system.

• The files are stored in a document library, which is exposed through the SharePoint Folder connector.
• The connector returns file metadata, including Folder Path, Name, and Content.
• In Power Query, filter Folder Path so only files in the manufacturing reports folder are retained.
• You can then combine the remaining Excel files because they all have the same structure.

• SharePoint List is for SharePoint lists, not document-library files.
• Combine & Load combines files immediately, before you filter to the required folder, and may include unwanted files.
• Transform gives you the opportunity to filter the file list first, which is more efficient and targeted.