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QUESTION: 573 Topic Exam C: Section 3 (science)

Why does an arrow shot from a bow eventually hit the ground?

Impetus Theory

The ancient theory of impetus was used to explain why objects continue to move even when they were no longer acted on, for example, an arrow shot by a bow. The theory of impetus says that the bow imparts a certain amount of the property of motion to the arrow. This property of motion is called impetus. Impetus is then a property of the bow that is imparted to the arrow. This is what causes the arrow to fly through the air. According to the theory of impetus, only a limited amount of motion is imparted to the arrow by the bow. Once this runs out, the arrow will fall abruptly to the ground. You can think of this theory as being similar to a gas tank. The action of the bow fills the tank of the arrow with a certain amount of "motion" or impetus; once the tank is empty the arrow doesn't move anymore. Furthermore, this theory predicts that the impetus is used up at a steady rate. So, when it runs out, it runs out abruptly. This yields the prediction that when the arrow uses up the impetus imparted to it by the bow it will stop in midair and then fall straight down to earth. For an object to continue moving forever in a straight line the impetus theory predicts that it would have to be given an infinite amount of impetus.

Inertia Theory

Inertia is the property of an object to remain at rest or in motion with constant velocity unless acted on by a net force. According to the theory of inertia, an arrow will continue to move in its state of motion with constant velocity unless acted on by a force. The force in this case is the gravity of the Earth acting on the arrow. The force of gravity gradually causes the arrow to fall toward the earth as it travels horizontally, which means the arrow follows a parabolic path. Finally, according to the theory of inertia, if an object is not acted on by a net force, it would continue moving forever in a straight line at constant velocity.

According to the impetus theory, if you throw a rock:

it will immediately hit the ground.
gravity will act on the rock.
it will continue to fly forever.
your arm gives the rock the property of motion.

Answer(s): D

Explanation:

According to the impetus theory, the arm would impart the property of motion to the rock. There is no support for the other choices found in the Impetus Theory passage.

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QUESTION: 574 Topic Exam C: Section 3 (science)

Background Information

If a characteristic is expressed in an organism, that is the organism's phenotype. The genes that determine that phenotype are called the organism's genotype. A characteristic is determined by the organism's genes that were passed down by the parents. If a gene is dominant, that gene will be expressed in the phenotype. If a gene is recessive, it will only be expressed in the phenotype when two recessives are present in the genetic makeup of that organism.

Description

A cat breeder is losing money because customers are buying cats that do not have white paws, and the cat breeder has mostly white-pawed cats. She decides to experiment with breeding with the six remaining cats that do not have white paws to see if she can produce litters of kittens without white paws. A cat without white paws can be either pure for the non-white pawed cats (homozygote) or a carrier for white paws (heterozygote). The trait for having white paws is recessive.

A homozygote for the non-white = WW (non-white cat paws).
A heterozygote for white = Ww (non-white cat paws).
A homozygote for the white = ww (white cat paws).

You can create Punnett Squares to show the phenotypes that would result from two parent cats breeding.

WW × WW cross yields all non-white pawed kittens.

WW × Ww cross yields all non-white pawed kittens in the first generation; however, 1/2 will be carriers for white paws.

Ww × Ww cross yields a ratio of 1 homozygote non-white paws to 2 heterozygote to 1 homozygote white paws for the first generation.

Experiment

Group 1
The cat breeder breeds two cats that do not have white paws. She finds that the first generation of kittens in this group does not have any white paws. When the first generation of cats was bred, she finds that the second generation of these kittens is 1/8 white-pawed and 7/8 not white-pawed.

Group 2
The cat breeder breeds two different cats that do not have white paws. She finds that the first, second, and third generations of kittens in this group did not have any white paws.

Group 3
The cat breeder breeds two different cats that do not have white paws. She finds that the first generation of kittens in this group has 1/4 with white paws and 3/4 without white paws. She does not breed for a second generation in this group.

Which group contains parent cats that may be pure for not having white paws?

Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
None of the groups

Answer(s): B

Explanation:

Since no kittens of three generations had white paws, it is a logical assumption that the parent cats and the kittens, which were bred later to create the newer generations, are all homogeneous for not having white paws.

Reveal Solution Next Question

QUESTION: 575 Topic Exam C: Section 3 (science)

Background Information

If a characteristic is expressed in an organism, that is the organism's phenotype. The genes that determine that phenotype are called the organism's genotype. A characteristic is determined by the organism's genes that were passed down by the parents. If a gene is dominant, that gene will be expressed in the phenotype. If a gene is recessive, it will only be expressed in the phenotype when two recessives are present in the genetic makeup of that organism.

Description

A cat breeder is losing money because customers are buying cats that do not have white paws, and the cat breeder has mostly white-pawed cats. She decides to experiment with breeding with the six remaining cats that do not have white paws to see if she can produce litters of kittens without white paws. A cat without white paws can be either pure for the non-white pawed cats (homozygote) or a carrier for white paws (heterozygote). The trait for having white paws is recessive.

A homozygote for the non-white = WW (non-white cat paws).
A heterozygote for white = Ww (non-white cat paws).
A homozygote for the white = ww (white cat paws).

You can create Punnett Squares to show the phenotypes that would result from two parent cats breeding.

WW × WW cross yields all non-white pawed kittens.

WW × Ww cross yields all non-white pawed kittens in the first generation; however, 1/2 will be carriers for white paws.

Ww × Ww cross yields a ratio of 1 homozygote non-white paws to 2 heterozygote to 1 homozygote white paws for the first generation.

Experiment

Group 1
The cat breeder breeds two cats that do not have white paws. She finds that the first generation of kittens in this group does not have any white paws. When the first generation of cats was bred, she finds that the second generation of these kittens is 1/8 white-pawed and 7/8 not white-pawed.

Group 2
The cat breeder breeds two different cats that do not have white paws. She finds that the first, second, and third generations of kittens in this group did not have any white paws.

Group 3
The cat breeder breeds two different cats that do not have white paws. She finds that the first generation of kittens in this group has 1/4 with white paws and 3/4 without white paws. She does not breed for a second generation in this group.

Describe the most likely genetic makeup of the parents in Group 1.

The cats were both pure for not having white paws.
One cat was pure, while the other cat was a carrier for the white paw trait.
Both cats were carriers for the white paw trait.
It cannot be determined.

Answer(s): B

Explanation:

The fact that no first generation cats were born with white paws and the second generation of cats had a frequency of 1 out of 8 shows that the original parents had at least one being a carrier. However, if both parents were carriers, then there would have been 1 out of 4 kittens in the first generation with white paws. Thus, it is likely that one of the parent cats is pure and one is a carrier. Furthermore, this indicates that the trait for white paws is recessive because it is not showing up in the parents, but it is showing up in a younger generation of cats.

Reveal Solution Next Question

QUESTION: 576 Topic Exam C: Section 3 (science)

Background Information

If a characteristic is expressed in an organism, that is the organism's phenotype. The genes that determine that phenotype are called the organism's genotype. A characteristic is determined by the organism's genes that were passed down by the parents. If a gene is dominant, that gene will be expressed in the phenotype. If a gene is recessive, it will only be expressed in the phenotype when two recessives are present in the genetic makeup of that organism.

Description

A cat breeder is losing money because customers are buying cats that do not have white paws, and the cat breeder has mostly white-pawed cats. She decides to experiment with breeding with the six remaining cats that do not have white paws to see if she can produce litters of kittens without white paws. A cat without white paws can be either pure for the non-white pawed cats (homozygote) or a carrier for white paws (heterozygote). The trait for having white paws is recessive.

A homozygote for the non-white = WW (non-white cat paws).
A heterozygote for white = Ww (non-white cat paws).
A homozygote for the white = ww (white cat paws).

You can create Punnett Squares to show the phenotypes that would result from two parent cats breeding.

WW × WW cross yields all non-white pawed kittens.

WW × Ww cross yields all non-white pawed kittens in the first generation; however, 1/2 will be carriers for white paws.

Ww × Ww cross yields a ratio of 1 homozygote non-white paws to 2 heterozygote to 1 homozygote white paws for the first generation.

Experiment

Group 1
The cat breeder breeds two cats that do not have white paws. She finds that the first generation of kittens in this group does not have any white paws. When the first generation of cats was bred, she finds that the second generation of these kittens is 1/8 white-pawed and 7/8 not white-pawed.

Group 2
The cat breeder breeds two different cats that do not have white paws. She finds that the first, second, and third generations of kittens in this group did not have any white paws.

Group 3
The cat breeder breeds two different cats that do not have white paws. She finds that the first generation of kittens in this group has 1/4 with white paws and 3/4 without white paws. She does not breed for a second generation in this group.

If the cats from Group 1 were to continue breeding:

the number of white-pawed cats would eventually outnumber the cats without white paws.
the number of white-pawed cats would decline until no more white-pawed cats existed.
the number of cats without white paws would decline until no more cats without white paws existed.
the number of white-pawed cats would decline over time, but white-pawed cats would still be found in newer generations.

Answer(s): D

Explanation:

Since at least one of the parents is pure for not having white paws and the second parent has both traits in the genotype, the dominant genotypes will statistically be more than the recessive genotypes. However, there will statistically be the chance for the recessive genotype and phenotype to be present if heterozygote cats from the younger generations are allowed to breed.

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