Free ACT Test Exam Braindumps (page: 91)

(1) When I first heard the term "illuminated manuscript" and learned of its association with medieval monasteries, I pictured hand-lettered parchment texts actually lighted from within by a kind of benevolent, supernatural light. I soon discovered, however, that the adjective illuminated" in this case had nothing to do with light, nor did it always have to do with the Christian church or with medieval times. Rather, "to illuminate" simply meant "to adorn" the pages of a manuscript, usually with brilliant colors and sometimes even with precious metals or stones.

(2) Although illuminated manuscripts reached their apogee in the Middle Ages and are best known as a product of the medieval Christian church, they actually had their origins in Egypt, nearly four thousand years ago. The first known illuminated manuscript was the Egyptian Book of the Dead, which contained instructions for the ceremonies for burial of the dead and the prayers to be said by those left behind. Originally, those books were commissioned by royalty, nobility, and others of high rank, but eventually even ordinary people could purchase them. Among the scenes commonly contained in the Egyptian Book of the Dead were the funeral cortege and the mummification process, as well as depictions of the deceased in the afterlife. Thanks to the dry climate in Egypt, a number of these ancient manuscripts have survived.

(3) The practice of illuminating manuscripts flourished in Europe. The Vatican Library houses two manuscripts by Virgil, and a copy of the Iliad by Homer resides in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan. A few Bibles and religious storybooks have survived also. Hellenistic and Roman wall painting influenced the illustrations in these texts, and as the age progressed, the artwork came to be more influenced by classical art with biblical themes. By the seventh century, the most important illuminated manuscripts were the prayer books being produced in monasteries in England and Ireland. The illustrators were greatly influenced by Celtic metalwork from previous centuries, and the works are beautiful and impressive (though they may look slightly primitive to modern eyes as the artists have made no effort to give a sense of perspective).

(4) By the tenth and eleventh centuries, monasteries in England moved away from their Celtic influence and embraced the Carolingian style. The pictures in these manuscripts, drawn for royals and other wealthy patrons, became more interpretive, actually illustrating passages from the book, with stylized figures looking rather severely out at the reader. By the twelfth century, these English illuminators were integrating illustration and decoration into the text. Bibles made in England at this time contained entire scenes. Many of these manuscripts also presented mythical figures, like dragons or part-human, part-animal figures that did not relate directly to the text.

(5) By the Gothic period, the urbanization of Europe led to increasing numbers of illuminated manuscripts. The illustrations became more realistic: The figures wore the clothes of the day and were shown in contemporary settings. The artists also began to be concerned with balance and perspective. The handwritten books and scrolls were embellished with decorations and illustrations intended to enhance the text, and the paints used were made from natural materials such as minerals and stones. Red, brown, orange, and yellow were derived from ochers and metals; blue came from lapis lazulim azurite, or indigo. In Europe, artists also applied gold leaf.

(6) During the Middle Ages, the illumination of manuscripts was an important art form, and illuminations employed a variety of decorations and enhancements. Although most of the books began with an imaginary portrait of the book's author or its patron, in some the first page contained abstract designs that were reminiscent of the Oriental carpet, and thus, the first page later came to be known as the carpet page. Texts of this time usually had enlarged and embellished initial letters ­ sometimes shaped like animals, birds, or flowers. Some particularly important texts religious, literary, or historical ­ might have full-page illustrations, which would be placed either at the appropriate point in the text or grouped together at the beginning.

(7) During the Renaissance, patrons continued to order these hand-illuminated manuscripts even though the printing press (c. 1450) made mass production of manuscripts by machine possible. This was not true in the Middle East, however. Consequently, the illuminated manuscript kept its influential role and many exquisite examples survive to this day. Although the invention of the printing press could be said to mark the beginning of the end for illuminated manuscripts in Europe and elsewhere, they performed an invaluable service during their long history. Because of widespread illiteracy throughout history, pictures have always been an important source of information. Even people who could not read ­ whether in ancient Egypt or medieval Europe could glean information from the illustrated pages. Perhaps the image of a page lighted from within is not such a far- fetched description of the illuminated manuscript, after all.

The main difference between illustrations in illuminated manuscripts made during the seventh century and those created during the Gothic period was that they:

Leonardo Da Vinci

(1) On the sunny slopes of Monte Albano, between Florence and Pisa, the little town of Vinci lay high among the rocks that crowned the steep hillside. Here in the year 1452 Leonardo, son of Ser Piero da Vinci, was born. It was in the age when people told fortunes by the stars, and when a baby was born they would eagerly look up and decide whether it was a lucky or unlucky star which shone upon the child. Surely if it had been possible in this way to tell what fortune waited the little Leonardo, a strange new star must have shone that night, brighter than the others and unlike the rest in the dazzling light of its strength and beauty.

(2) Leonardo was always a strange child. Even his beauty was not like that of other children. He had the most wonderful waving hair, falling in regular ripples, like the waters of a fountain, the color of bright gold, and soft as spun silk. His eyes were blue and clear, with a mysterious light in them, not the warm light of a sunny sky, but rather the blue that glints in the iceberg. They were merry eyes too, when he laughed, but underneath was always that strange cold look. There was a charm about his smile which no one could resist, and he was a favorite with all. Yet people shook their heads sometimes as they looked at him, and they talked in whispers of the old witch who had lent her goat to nourish the little Leonardo when he was a baby. The woman was a dealer in black magic, and who knew but that the child might be a changeling?

(3) It was the old grandmother, Mona Lena, who brought Leonardo up and spoilt him not a little. His father, Ser Piero, was a lawyer, and spent most of his time in Florence, but when he returned to the old castle of Vinci, he began to give Leonardo lessons and tried to find out what the boy was fit for. But Leonardo hated those lessons and would not learn, so when he was seven years old he was sent to school.

(4) This did not answer any better. The rough play of the boys was not to his liking. When he saw them drag the wings off butterflies, or torture any animal that fell into their hands, his face grew white with pain, and he would take no share in their games. The Latin grammar, too, was a terrible task, while the many things he longed to know no one taught him.

(5) So it happened that many a time, instead of going to school, he would slip away and escape up into the hills, as happy as a little wild goat. Here was all the sweet fresh air of heaven, instead of the stuffy school room. Here were no cruel, clumsy boys, but all the wild creatures that he loved. Here he could learn the real things his heart was hungry to know, not merely words which meant nothing and led to nowhere.

(6) For hours he would lie perfectly still with his heels in the air and his chin resting in his hands, as he watched a spider weaving its web, breathless with interest to see how the delicate threads were turned in and out. The gaily painted butterflies, the fat buzzing bees, the little sharp-tongued green lizards, he loved to watch them all, but above everything he loved the birds. Oh, if only he too had wings to dart like the swallows, and swoop and sail and dart again! What was the secret power in their wings? Surely by watching he might learn it. Sometimes it seemed as if his heart would burst with the longing to learn that secret. It was always the hidden reason of things that he desired to know. Much as he loved the flowers he must pull their petals off, one by one, to see how each was joined, to wonder at the dusty pollen, and touch the honey-covered stamens. Then when the sun began to sink he would turn sadly homewards, very hungry, with torn clothes and tired feet, but with a store of sunshine in his heart.

(7) His grandmother shook her head when Leonardo appeared after one of his days of wandering.

(8) `I know thou should be whipped for playing truant,' she said; `and I should also punish thee for tearing thy clothes.'

(9) `Ah! But thou wilt not whip me,' answered Leonardo, smiling at her with his curious quiet smile, for he had full confidence in her love.

(10) `Well, I love to see thee happy, and I will not punish thee this time,' said his grandmother; `but if these tales reach thy father's ears, he will not be as tender as I am towards thee.'

(11) And, sure enough, the very next time that a complaint was made from the school, his father happened to be at home, and then the storm burst.

(12) `Next time I will flog thee,' said Ser Piero sternly, with rising anger at the careless air of the boy. `Meanwhile we will see what a little imprisonment will do towards making thee a better child'.

(13) Then he took the boy by the shoulders and led him to a little dark cupboard under the stairs, and there shut him up for three whole days.

(14) There was no kicking or beating at the locked door. Leonardo sat quietly there in the dark, thinking his own thoughts, and wondering why there seemed so little justice in the world. But soon even that wonder passed away, and as usual when he was alone he began to dream dreams of the time when he should have learned the swallows' secrets and should have wings like theirs.

(15) But if there were complaints about Leonardo's dislike of the boys and the Latin grammar, there would be none about the lessons he chose to learn. Indeed, some of the masters began to dread the boy's eager questions, which were sometimes more than they could answer. Scarcely had he begun the study of arithmetic than he made such rapid progress, and wanted to puzzle out so many problems, that the masters were amazed. His mind seemed always eagerly asking for more light, and was never satisfied.

It can reasonably be inferred from the passage that Leonardo's grandmother did not punish him because she:

Leonardo Da Vinci

(1) On the sunny slopes of Monte Albano, between Florence and Pisa, the little town of Vinci lay high among the rocks that crowned the steep hillside. Here in the year 1452 Leonardo, son of Ser Piero da Vinci, was born. It was in the age when people told fortunes by the stars, and when a baby was born they would eagerly look up and decide whether it was a lucky or unlucky star which shone upon the child. Surely if it had been possible in this way to tell what fortune waited the little Leonardo, a strange new star must have shone that night, brighter than the others and unlike the rest in the dazzling light of its strength and beauty.

(2) Leonardo was always a strange child. Even his beauty was not like that of other children. He had the most wonderful waving hair, falling in regular ripples, like the waters of a fountain, the color of bright gold, and soft as spun silk. His eyes were blue and clear, with a mysterious light in them, not the warm light of a sunny sky, but rather the blue that glints in the iceberg. They were merry eyes too, when he laughed, but underneath was always that strange cold look. There was a charm about his smile which no one could resist, and he was a favorite with all. Yet people shook their heads sometimes as they looked at him, and they talked in whispers of the old witch who had lent her goat to nourish the little Leonardo when he was a baby. The woman was a dealer in black magic, and who knew but that the child might be a changeling?

(3) It was the old grandmother, Mona Lena, who brought Leonardo up and spoilt him not a little. His father, Ser Piero, was a lawyer, and spent most of his time in Florence, but when he returned to the old castle of Vinci, he began to give Leonardo lessons and tried to find out what the boy was fit for. But Leonardo hated those lessons and would not learn, so when he was seven years old he was sent to school.

(4) This did not answer any better. The rough play of the boys was not to his liking. When he saw them drag the wings off butterflies, or torture any animal that fell into their hands, his face grew white with pain, and he would take no share in their games. The Latin grammar, too, was a terrible task, while the many things he longed to know no one taught him.

(5) So it happened that many a time, instead of going to school, he would slip away and escape up into the hills, as happy as a little wild goat. Here was all the sweet fresh air of heaven, instead of the stuffy school room. Here were no cruel, clumsy boys, but all the wild creatures that he loved. Here he could learn the real things his heart was hungry to know, not merely words which meant nothing and led to nowhere.

(6) For hours he would lie perfectly still with his heels in the air and his chin resting in his hands, as he watched a spider weaving its web, breathless with interest to see how the delicate threads were turned in and out. The gaily painted butterflies, the fat buzzing bees, the little sharp-tongued green lizards, he loved to watch them all, but above everything he loved the birds. Oh, if only he too had wings to dart like the swallows, and swoop and sail and dart again! What was the secret power in their wings? Surely by watching he might learn it. Sometimes it seemed as if his heart would burst with the longing to learn that secret. It was always the hidden reason of things that he desired to know. Much as he loved the flowers he must pull their petals off, one by one, to see how each was joined, to wonder at the dusty pollen, and touch the honey-covered stamens. Then when the sun began to sink he would turn sadly homewards, very hungry, with torn clothes and tired feet, but with a store of sunshine in his heart.

(7) His grandmother shook her head when Leonardo appeared after one of his days of wandering.

(8) `I know thou should be whipped for playing truant,' she said; `and I should also punish thee for tearing thy clothes.'

(9) `Ah! But thou wilt not whip me,' answered Leonardo, smiling at her with his curious quiet smile, for he had full confidence in her love.

(10) `Well, I love to see thee happy, and I will not punish thee this time,' said his grandmother; `but if these tales reach thy father's ears, he will not be as tender as I am towards thee.'

(11) And, sure enough, the very next time that a complaint was made from the school, his father happened to be at home, and then the storm burst.

(12) `Next time I will flog thee,' said Ser Piero sternly, with rising anger at the careless air of the boy. `Meanwhile we will see what a little imprisonment will do towards making thee a better child'.

(13) Then he took the boy by the shoulders and led him to a little dark cupboard under the stairs, and there shut him up for three whole days.

(14) There was no kicking or beating at the locked door. Leonardo sat quietly there in the dark, thinking his own thoughts, and wondering why there seemed so little justice in the world. But soon even that wonder passed away, and as usual when he was alone he began to dream dreams of the time when he should have learned the swallows' secrets and should have wings like theirs.

(15) But if there were complaints about Leonardo's dislike of the boys and the Latin grammar, there would be none about the lessons he chose to learn. Indeed, some of the masters began to dread the boy's eager questions, which were sometimes more than they could answer. Scarcely had he begun the study of arithmetic than he made such rapid progress, and wanted to puzzle out so many problems, that the masters were amazed. His mind seemed always eagerly asking for more light, and was never satisfied.

What can you infer about Leonardo's teachers from the last paragraph of the passage?

Leonardo Da Vinci

(1) On the sunny slopes of Monte Albano, between Florence and Pisa, the little town of Vinci lay high among the rocks that crowned the steep hillside. Here in the year 1452 Leonardo, son of Ser Piero da Vinci, was born. It was in the age when people told fortunes by the stars, and when a baby was born they would eagerly look up and decide whether it was a lucky or unlucky star which shone upon the child. Surely if it had been possible in this way to tell what fortune waited the little Leonardo, a strange new star must have shone that night, brighter than the others and unlike the rest in the dazzling light of its strength and beauty.

(2) Leonardo was always a strange child. Even his beauty was not like that of other children. He had the most wonderful waving hair, falling in regular ripples, like the waters of a fountain, the color of bright gold, and soft as spun silk. His eyes were blue and clear, with a mysterious light in them, not the warm light of a sunny sky, but rather the blue that glints in the iceberg. They were merry eyes too, when he laughed, but underneath was always that strange cold look. There was a charm about his smile which no one could resist, and he was a favorite with all. Yet people shook their heads sometimes as they looked at him, and they talked in whispers of the old witch who had lent her goat to nourish the little Leonardo when he was a baby. The woman was a dealer in black magic, and who knew but that the child might be a changeling?

(3) It was the old grandmother, Mona Lena, who brought Leonardo up and spoilt him not a little. His father, Ser Piero, was a lawyer, and spent most of his time in Florence, but when he returned to the old castle of Vinci, he began to give Leonardo lessons and tried to find out what the boy was fit for. But Leonardo hated those lessons and would not learn, so when he was seven years old he was sent to school.

(4) This did not answer any better. The rough play of the boys was not to his liking. When he saw them drag the wings off butterflies, or torture any animal that fell into their hands, his face grew white with pain, and he would take no share in their games. The Latin grammar, too, was a terrible task, while the many things he longed to know no one taught him.

(5) So it happened that many a time, instead of going to school, he would slip away and escape up into the hills, as happy as a little wild goat. Here was all the sweet fresh air of heaven, instead of the stuffy school room. Here were no cruel, clumsy boys, but all the wild creatures that he loved. Here he could learn the real things his heart was hungry to know, not merely words which meant nothing and led to nowhere.

(6) For hours he would lie perfectly still with his heels in the air and his chin resting in his hands, as he watched a spider weaving its web, breathless with interest to see how the delicate threads were turned in and out. The gaily painted butterflies, the fat buzzing bees, the little sharp-tongued green lizards, he loved to watch them all, but above everything he loved the birds. Oh, if only he too had wings to dart like the swallows, and swoop and sail and dart again! What was the secret power in their wings? Surely by watching he might learn it. Sometimes it seemed as if his heart would burst with the longing to learn that secret. It was always the hidden reason of things that he desired to know. Much as he loved the flowers he must pull their petals off, one by one, to see how each was joined, to wonder at the dusty pollen, and touch the honey-covered stamens. Then when the sun began to sink he would turn sadly homewards, very hungry, with torn clothes and tired feet, but with a store of sunshine in his heart.

(7) His grandmother shook her head when Leonardo appeared after one of his days of wandering.

(8) `I know thou should be whipped for playing truant,' she said; `and I should also punish thee for tearing thy clothes.'

(9) `Ah! But thou wilt not whip me,' answered Leonardo, smiling at her with his curious quiet smile, for he had full confidence in her love.

(10) `Well, I love to see thee happy, and I will not punish thee this time,' said his grandmother; `but if these tales reach thy father's ears, he will not be as tender as I am towards thee.'

(11) And, sure enough, the very next time that a complaint was made from the school, his father happened to be at home, and then the storm burst.

(12) `Next time I will flog thee,' said Ser Piero sternly, with rising anger at the careless air of the boy. `Meanwhile we will see what a little imprisonment will do towards making thee a better child'.

(13) Then he took the boy by the shoulders and led him to a little dark cupboard under the stairs, and there shut him up for three whole days.

(14) There was no kicking or beating at the locked door. Leonardo sat quietly there in the dark, thinking his own thoughts, and wondering why there seemed so little justice in the world. But soon even that wonder passed away, and as usual when he was alone he began to dream dreams of the time when he should have learned the swallows' secrets and should have wings like theirs.

(15) But if there were complaints about Leonardo's dislike of the boys and the Latin grammar, there would be none about the lessons he chose to learn. Indeed, some of the masters began to dread the boy's eager questions, which were sometimes more than they could answer. Scarcely had he begun the study of arithmetic than he made such rapid progress, and wanted to puzzle out so many problems, that the masters were amazed. His mind seemed always eagerly asking for more light, and was never satisfied.

The person or people who were most responsible for raising Leonardo were his: