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A counselor that decides his consultancy fee job-by-job instead of setting a standard rate is using a variable-ratio reinforcement schedule.

  1. True
  2. False

Answer(s): A

Explanation:

A variable ratio schedule is when a reward occurs after an unpredictable amount of responses and typically provides a high rate of response. The counselor's rate is unpredictable from one job to the next. A fixed ratio schedule occurs when a response is reinforced after a set number of responses. Fixed interval schedules reinforce the response only after a certain amount of time has passed. Variable interval schedules reinforce the response after an unpredictable amount of time has gone by.



A conditioned association is not a learned association.

  1. True
  2. False

Answer(s): B

Explanation:

In operant conditioning, therapists believe the reaction to an object or event can be modified by learning, or conditioning.



One of the first formal therapeutic groups was held by:

  1. Joseph Pratt
  2. Carl Rogers
  3. Irv Yalom
  4. Wilfred Bion

Answer(s): A

Explanation:

In 1905, Joseph Pratt, a medical doctor from Boston, gathered a group of patients with tuberculosis in order to educate them. The rest are all group theorists of later years. Rogers is often referred to as the “father of counseling psychology”. Yalom developed a list of therapeutic factors in group therapy. Bion was a British psychoanalyst.



Of the following, which is NOT a curative factor of group, as outlined by Yalom?

  1. Universality
  2. Instillation of hope
  3. Intrapersonal learning
  4. Group cohesiveness

Answer(s): C

Explanation:

Interpersonal learning, not intrapersonal learning, is a curative factor. Interpersonal learning occurs when a person tries out new behaviors in group. Group is seen as a microcosm of the real world.






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