The health commissioner asks you to propose a primary prevention program for your community.Which of the following should you recommend?
Answer(s): B
Examples of primary prevention include routine immunization of individuals at risk for infectious disease, or healthy diet and exercise for persons at risk for diabetes; presymptomatic and clinical diseases are not present and are being avoided. Screening, such as by using Pap smears, colonoscopy, or mammography, typifies secondary prevention; disease is recognized earlier than it otherwise would be, making improved management of the disease possible. Efforts to reduce the consequences of existing recognized disease, such as isolation of disease contacts, are termed tertiary prevention.
Food-borne illness has been a recurrent problem in your community over the past year. As a result of this, you ask that the health department's registered sanitarian pay particular attention to which of the following during his inspection of restaurants?
Answer(s): A
The major hazards associated with foodborne illnesses are of biological origin. Although all of the phases of the food preparation process may present opportunities for contamination, the major problem is related to food handling rather than to the quality of the food itself. Poor personal hygiene and improper holding temperatures are the leading factors resulting in contamination with bacterial and viral pathogens.Commonly reported pathogens include Salmonella, S. aureus, Shigella, C. perfringens, E. coli, hepatitis A, and Norovirus (previously described as Norwalk-like virus).
It is 2007. You are planning allocation of health department resources to meet the needs of a typical
Answer(s): E
Data from the National Center for Health Statistics indicate that the older age groups will continue to grow more rapidly than the total population. The population age 6574 years will increase from 6 to 10% of the total population between 2005 and 2030. The proportion of the population age 75 years and older is growing at the fastest rate and by 2040 this group will exceed the population 6574 years of age. Disability and quality-of-life issues are very important for this age group.
It is reported that an alarming number of fractures are occurring among the elderly in your community. You are contacted by a local radio station for an interview on this subject. You explain that which of the following is the most likely cause of the high number of fractures?
There are many intrinsic factors that lead to falls in the elderly. Iatrogenic causes from medication prescribed commonly impair stability of gait. However, it is osteoporosis, particularly in the elderly female that results in the excess fractures, usually of the femur. Alow BMI is associated with a higher risk of osteoporosis and therefore, fractures. Although the elderly are more likely to have Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and poor eyesight, these are not as important as osteoporosis in fractures among the elderly
You counsel a 47-year-old smoker who says that she does not intend to quit smoking because she is not worried about the health risks of smoking. All of her relatives smoke, and none have developed lung cancer. You point out that the Framingham studies have indicated that disease of other organ systems is also associated with smoking, and her relatives have had such disease. The Framingham study found smoking to be associated with disease of which of the following?
Answer(s): C
The Framingham study found no association between smoking and disease of the bones, spleen, thyroid, and auditory system. Anumber of studies have shown definite increased rate of diseases of the cerebrovascular system due to smoking. There may also be some increase in noise-induced hearing loss and some increased risk of fracture of the femur among smokers.
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