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A company has been using an outdated application layer protocol for communication among applications. The company decides not to use this protocol anymore and must migrate all applications to support a new protocol. The old protocol and the new protocol are TCP-based, but the protocols use different port numbers.

After several months of work, the company has migrated dozens of applications that run on Amazon EC2 instances and in containers. The company believes that all the applications have been migrated, but the company wants to verify this belief. A network engineer needs to verify that no application is still using the old protocol.

Which solution will meet these requirements without causing any downtime?

  1. Use Amazon Inspector and its Network Reachability rules package. Wait until the analysis has finished running to find out which EC2 instances are still listening to the old port.
  2. Enable Amazon GuardDuty. Use the graphical visualizations to filter for traffic that uses the port of the old protocol. Exclude all internet traffic to filter out occasions when the same port is used as an ephemeral port.
  3. Configure VPC flow logs to be delivered into an Amazon S3 bucket. Use Amazon Athena to query the data and to filter for the port number that is used by the old protocol.
  4. Inspect all security groups that are assigned to the EC2 instances that host the applications. Remove the port of the old protocol if that port is in the list of allowed ports. Verify that the applications are operating properly after the port is removed from the security groups.

Answer(s): C



A company has deployed its AWS environment in a single AWS Region. The environment consists of a few hundred application VPCs, a shared services VPC, and a VPN connection to the company’s on-premises environment. A network engineer needs to implement a transit gateway with the following requirements:

-Application VPCs must be isolated from each other.
-Bidirectional communication must be allowed between the application VPCs and the on-premises network.
-Bidirectional communication must be allowed between the application VPCs and the shared services VPC.

The network engineer creates the transit gateway with options disabled for default route table association and default route table propagation. The network engineer also creates the VPN attachment for the on-premises network and creates the VPC attachments for the application VPCs and the shared services VPC.

The network engineer must meet all the requirements for the transit gateway by designing a solution that needs the least number of transit gateway route tables.

Which combination of actions should the network engineer perform to accomplish this goal? (Choose two.)

  1. Configure a separate transit gateway route table for on premises. Associate the VPN attachment with this transit gateway route table. Propagate all application VPC attachments to this transit gateway route table.
  2. Configure a separate transit gateway route table for each application VPC. Associate each application VPC attachment with its respective transit gateway route table. Propagate the shared services VPC attachment and the VPN attachment to this transit gateway route table.
  3. Configure a separate transit gateway route table for all application VPCs. Associate all application VPCs with this transit gateway route table. Propagate the shared services VPC attachment and the VPN attachment to this transit gateway route table.
  4. Configure a separate transit gateway route table for the shared services VPC. Associate the shared services VPC attachment with this transit gateway route table. Propagate all application VPC attachments to this transit gateway route table.
  5. Configure a separate transit gateway route table for on premises and the shared services VPC. Associate the VPN attachment and the shared services VPC attachment with this transit gateway route table. Propagate all application VPC attachments to this transit gateway route table.

Answer(s): C,E



A company has an AWS Site-to-Site VPN connection between its existing VPC and on-premises network. The default DHCP options set is associated with the VPC. The company has an application that is running on an Amazon Linux 2 Amazon EC2 instance in the VPC. The application must retrieve an Amazon RDS database secret that is stored in AWS Secrets Manager through a private VPC endpoint. An on-premises application provides internal RESTful API service that can be reached by URL (https://api.example.internal). Two on-premises Windows DNS servers provide internal DNS resolution.

The application on the EC2 instance needs to call the internal API service that is deployed in the on-premises environment. When the application on the EC2 instance attempts to call the internal API service by referring to the hostname that is assigned to the service, the call fails. When a network engineer tests the API service call from the same EC2 instance by using the API service's IP address, the call is successful.

What should the network engineer do to resolve this issue and prevent the same problem from affecting other resources in the VPC?

  1. Create a new DHCP options set that specifies the on-premises Windows DNS servers. Associate the new DHCP options set with the existing VPC. Reboot the Amazon Linux 2 EC2 instance.
  2. Create an Amazon Route 53 Resolver rule. Associate the rule with the VPC. Configure the rule to forward DNS queries to the on-premises Windows DNS servers if the domain name matches example.internal.
  3. Modify the local host file in the Amazon Linux 2 EC2 instance in the VPMap the service domain name (api.example.internal) to the IP address of the internal API service.
  4. Modify the local /etc/resolv.conf file in the Amazon Linux 2 EC2 instance in the VPC. Change the IP addresses of the name servers in the file to the IP addresses of the company's on-premises Windows DNS servers.

Answer(s): B



A company has several production applications across different accounts in the AWS Cloud. The company operates from the us-east-1 Region only. Only certain partner companies can access the applications. The applications are running on Amazon EC2 instances that are in an Auto Scaling group behind an Application Load Balancer (ALB). The EC2 instances are in private subnets and allow traffic only from the ALB. The ALB is in a public subnet and allows inbound traffic only from partner network IP address ranges over port 80.

When the company adds a new partner, the company must allow the IP address range of the partner network in the security group that is associated with the ALB in each account. A network engineer must implement a solution to centrally manage the partner network IP address ranges.

Which solution will meet these requirements in the MOST operationally efficient manner?

  1. Create an Amazon DynamoDB table to maintain all IP address ranges and security groups that need to be updated. Update the DynamoDB table with the new IP address range when the company adds a new partner. Invoke an AWS Lambda function to read new IP address ranges and security groups from the DynamoDB table to update the security groups. Deploy this solution in all accounts.
  2. Create a new prefix list. Add all allowed IP address ranges to the prefix list. Use Amazon EventBridge (Amazon CloudWatch Events) rules to invoke an AWS Lambda function to update security groups whenever a new IP address range is added to the prefix list. Deploy this solution in all accounts.
  3. Create a new prefix list. Add all allowed IP address ranges to the prefix list. Share the prefix list across different accounts by using AWS Resource Access Manager (AWS RAM). Update security groups to use the prefix list instead of the partner IP address range. Update the prefix list with the new IP address range when the company adds a new partner.
  4. Create an Amazon S3 bucket to maintain all IP address ranges and security groups that need to be updated. Update the S3 bucket with the new IP address range when the company adds a new partner. Invoke an AWS Lambda function to read new IP address ranges and security groups from the S3 bucket to update the security groups. Deploy this solution in all accounts.

Answer(s): C






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