Which liver neoplasm is associated with use of oral contraceptives and is most often seen in women under the age of 40?
Answer(s): A
Hepatic adenomas are benign liver tumors strongly associated with long-term use of oral contraceptives and are most frequently found in women under 40. Hepatoblastoma is seen in children; hepatoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor typically found in cirrhotic livers. Cavernous hemangioma is unrelated to oral contraceptives.According to Rumack's Diagnostic Ultrasound:"Hepatic adenomas occur predominantly in young women with a history of oral contraceptive use."
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th ed. Elsevier, 2017.WHO Classification of Tumours of the Digestive System, 5th ed., IARC, 2019.
Which arteries are the immediate branches of the celiac trunk?
Answer(s): B
The celiac trunk arises from the abdominal aorta and immediately divides into three primary branches:Left gastric arteryCommon hepatic arterySplenic arteryThe proper hepatic and gastroduodenal arteries are secondary branches of the common hepatic artery.According to Moore's Clinically Oriented Anatomy:"The celiac trunk trifurcates into the left gastric, common hepatic, and splenic arteries."
Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 8th ed. Wolters Kluwer, 2018.Gray's Anatomy for Students, 4th ed., Elsevier, 2019.
Which abnormality is the most common adult adrenal tumor?
Answer(s): D
Adrenal adenomas are the most common adrenal tumors in adults. They are often discovered incidentally (adrenal incidentalomas) and are usually nonfunctioning, though some may secrete cortisol or aldosterone. Neuroblastoma is common in children, pheochromocytomas are rarer catecholamine-producing tumors, and adrenal cortical carcinoma is malignant but much less common than adenomas.According to Rumack's Diagnostic Ultrasound:"Adrenal adenomas are the most common adrenal masses in adults, frequently identified incidentally on imaging studies."
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th ed. Elsevier, 2017.ACR Incidental Findings Committee Guidelines for Adrenal Masses, 2017.
Which vascular condition is most commonly associated with a wandering spleen?
A wandering spleen occurs when the spleen is not adequately anchored by its supporting ligaments, allowing it to move freely within the abdomen. This increases the risk of splenic torsion, which compromises vascular supply and may result in infarction if not corrected.According to Rumack's Diagnostic Ultrasound:"The most serious complication of a wandering spleen is torsion, which may result in splenic infarction."
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th ed. Elsevier, 2017.Moore KL, Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 8th ed. Wolters Kluwer, 2018.
Which disease process causes exudative ascites?
Exudative ascites is characterized by high protein content and cellular debris, typically resulting from infections (e.g., peritonitis, tuberculosis), malignancy, or inflammatory conditions. Transudative ascites is more commonly seen in conditions such as liver failure, renal failure, and hypoproteinemia due to changes in hydrostatic or oncotic pressure.According to Light's Criteria:"Infection and malignancy are common causes of exudative ascites, distinguished by high protein content and elevated LDH."
Light RW. Pleural Diseases. 6th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013.AASLD Guidelines for the Evaluation of Ascites, 2021.
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