GAQM CPEH-001 Exam Prep
Certified Professional Ethical Hacker (CPEH) Exam (Page 4 )

• Compare each server’s drive specifications and performance data.
• Identify the drive that is faulty, slow, or mismatched.
• Replace it with a drive that matches the required interface, capacity, and performance characteristics.
• Avoid selecting a slower drive, because storage performance can bottleneck the entire server.
• In a redundant array, use a compatible replacement so rebuilding does not create unnecessary performance degradation.

• A Layer 2 switch checks the destination MAC address in its MAC address table (CAM table).
• If the destination MAC is unknown, the switch cannot select a specific outgoing port.
• It therefore performs unknown-unicast flooding, sending the frame out every other port in that VLAN.
• The frame is not sent back through the port where it arrived.

• Check whether the data is accurate, complete, and properly prepared.
• Confirm that the pattern is not caused by an outlier, data-quality problem, or modeling issue.
• If the data is valid, treat the result as a potentially valuable new business insight.

• A: A data scientist may help, but expert validation and data-quality checking come first.
• C: Filtering out inconvenient data risks hiding a valid insight.
• D: Einstein’s result should not be accepted without verification simply because it produced the finding.

• A — Custom Button: A button can launch a flow, typically by passing the flow’s URL and record context.
• D — From a Process: A Process can invoke a flow using an Apex action configured for flow invocation. However, this is automation-triggered, not directly accessed by a user.
• B — Quick Action: In current Salesforce functionality, a Flow Quick Action can launch a screen flow directly from a record page. This makes B a valid modern method.
• C — Visual Workflow Launcher: This is not generally listed as a standard access method in current Salesforce terminology; Salesforce commonly uses the Flow component on Lightning pages instead.

• vBond — orchestration plane: Authenticates devices, helps them discover each other, and assists with NAT traversal and initial control-connection setup.
• vSmart — control plane: Distributes routing and policy information to WAN Edge devices using the overlay control plane.
• vManage — management plane: Provides centralized configuration, monitoring, and orchestration through its GUI/API.
• WAN Edge — data plane: Forwards user traffic across the SD-WAN fabric.

1. Product + ProductSubCategory: Inner join

1. Result + ProductCategory: Left outer join

1. Start with the Customer table.
2. Use Merge Queries and select the Address table.
3. Match Customer[Address ID] to Address[Address ID].
4. Use a Left Outer join so every customer is retained.
5. Expand only City, State/Region, and Country.

• Append adds rows vertically; it is for stacking similarly structured tables.
• Group By summarizes rows and does not retrieve address columns.
• Transpose swaps rows and columns and is unrelated to table relationships.

• Drops packets when traffic exceeds a certain bitrate: This describes traffic policing, not shaping.
• Fragments large packets and queues them: Shaping does not fragment packets as its primary congestion-control action.
• Drops packets randomly from lower-priority queues: Packet dropping may occur if a shaping queue becomes full, but it is not the defining behavior.

• Shaping: buffers and delays excess traffic.
• Policing: drops or marks traffic that exceeds the configured rate.

• 800 devices ? a scalable, centralized solution is needed.
• Four hardware/vendor classes ? the tool must handle different drivers and images.
• Two user groups ? it should allow different configurations for each group.
• “Distribute custom images” ? an imaging/deployment tool is required, not just a file-copy utility.

• A: Daily involvement is unnecessary and may not solve the availability problem.
• C: Clarifying all requirements at the start conflicts with agile’s iterative refinement.
• D: Simply reviewing based on availability leaves the problem unresolved and allows rework to continue.

• Financial performance
• Customer perspective
• Internal business processes
• Learning and growth

• Increasing the number of indicators can make the scorecard cluttered and less useful. Measures should be limited to those that are strategically important.
• The scorecard is mainly a tool for implementing and monitoring strategy, not for formulating strategy.
• It should contain both leading indicators and lagging indicators. Leading indicators predict future performance, while lagging indicators measure results already achieved.

1. Get Data > Folder

1. Expand the Attributes column

1. Remove the Content column

• Folder connector: lists files and their metadata, but also includes a Content binary column.
• Combine Files: processes and combines the actual CSV contents, which is explicitly disallowed here.

• Digitally signing the software: Verifies authenticity and integrity. It does not hide how the software works.
• Limiting third-party libraries: May reduce dependencies and attack surface, but does not directly prevent reverse engineering.
• Using compile flags: Some compiler options can remove debugging information or optimize code, which may provide limited protection, but this is not the primary technique identified for preventing reverse engineering.

1. Select Exchange email as a location.
2. Use the built-in Azure Storage Account key sensitive information type as the condition.
3. Configure the DLP action to encrypt the email—for example, using Microsoft Purview Message Encryption.

• GPU: A failure may cause no video output, but the PC usually still powers on.
• RAM: Can prevent booting or produce error beeps, but fans and power indicators generally work.
• CPU: Can prevent startup or booting, but it usually does not cause a completely lifeless system.

• Filtering or reshaping columns
• Joining with an analysis-specific dataset
• Creating calculated fields
• Applying business logic for a particular project

• Data blending: Combining different data sources, not specifically the final processing step.
• Data enhancement: A broad term for enriching data.
• Data testing: Checking data quality or pipeline correctness.
• Last-mile ETL: The precise term for additional transformations performed after the main pipeline, often directly before analytics or reporting.

• Hardware and infrastructure
• System software
• Networks and communications
• Technology platforms and services

• Business Architecture: Defines business strategy, organization, functions, and processes.
• Data Architecture: Defines the structure and management of enterprise data.
• Application Architecture: Describes application systems and how they interact to support business and data processing.

• SharePoint search: Finds documents based on search terms, but it does not reliably identify every 32-character account number for DLP enforcement.
• A hunting query in Microsoft 365 Defender: Used for security investigations, not for defining sensitive content in a DLP policy.
• Azure Information Protection: Uses classification and labeling; it does not automatically identify this specific account-number pattern unless configured with a matching sensitive information type.
• RegEx pattern matching: Best suited for structured identifiers with a known format, such as account numbers, employee IDs, or policy numbers.

• nomes de pessoas;
• organizações;
• locais;
• datas;
• números de processos;
• leis ou contratos.

• NER = identifica informações específicas e classificáveis.
• Sumarização = reduz um documento e apresenta seus pontos principais.

• Vulnerability scanner: Finds technical weaknesses in systems, applications, or devices. It does not usually analyze the entire supply chain.
• Penetration test: Simulates attacks against a defined target to identify exploitable weaknesses. Its scope is narrower.
• SCAP (Security Content Automation Protocol): Provides standardized formats and methods for automating security configuration and vulnerability checks, rather than mapping the full supply chain.

• Forecasting lets sales leaders predict revenue for upcoming fiscal periods, compare forecasts with targets, and review performance by salesperson or team.
• Opportunity Stages help determine the likelihood that opportunities will close. Each stage can have a probability, which contributes to forecast calculations.

• Sales Quotes: Used to present pricing or product proposals to customers; they do not provide revenue forecasting.
• Opportunity List View: Helps users filter and view opportunities, but it is not the forecasting tool.

• Azure creates a corresponding service principal in Microsoft Entra ID.
• The identity’s lifecycle is tied to the Azure resource.
• If the resource is deleted, Azure automatically deletes the identity.
• Only the associated resource can use that identity to request tokens.
• You can grant the identity permissions to access services such as Key Vault or Storage without storing credentials in code.

• R-squared (R²): mede quanto da variação dos valores reais é explicada pelo modelo. É mais usado em regressão, não em classificação.

• Accuracy (acurácia): mede a proporção de previsões corretas em relação ao total. É adequada para a classificação de imagens da questão.

• RMSE (Root Mean Squared Error): mede o tamanho médio dos erros entre valores previstos e reais, penalizando erros maiores. É usado principalmente em regressão.

• Learning rate (taxa de aprendizado): controla o tamanho dos ajustes feitos pelo modelo durante o treinamento. Não é uma métrica de avaliação; é um hiperparâmetro.

• staff use the new system;
• transactions and reports are checked;
• problems are corrected;
• feedback is collected.

• Phased changeover: different parts or functions are introduced in stages, often according to a planned sequence.
• Pilot changeover: one representative department, branch or group acts as a test site before wider implementation.
• Parallel changeover: old and new systems operate at the same time.
• Direct changeover: the old system is stopped and the new one starts immediately.

• Business
• People
• Governance
• Platform
• Security
• Operations

• Cloud financial management
• Portfolio and program management
• Risk management
• Data governance
• Compliance and oversight

• B. Data loss prevention (DLP): Helps prevent sensitive data from being copied, emailed, or exfiltrated. It is not the primary control for protecting a stolen laptop’s stored data.
• C. Operating system hardening: Reduces vulnerabilities by disabling unnecessary services and applying secure settings, but it does not necessarily protect the files if the disk is accessed directly.
• D. Boot security: Helps ensure the device starts only through trusted software or approved processes. It supports platform integrity but does not itself encrypt stored files.

1. Which host originated the infection

1. Which remaining hosts are infected

• Resources that do not need internet access should remain on private network segments.
• Internet-facing access should be restricted to systems that require it.
• Access should be explicitly allowed rather than broadly exposed.

• A: A single administrator with access to core functions may violate least privilege if that access is broader than necessary.
• B: Inspecting traffic supports monitoring and defense, but does not itself limit privileges.
• C: Updating routing configurations supports availability and connectivity, not least privilege.

• A: Security groups do not control traffic to an S3 gateway endpoint in this way. Gateway endpoints are configured through route tables.
• B: An S3 bucket policy may be needed for authorization, but the error specifically indicates a connectivity or endpoint-routing problem.
• C: Glue connection settings do not require a fully qualified domain name to resolve this endpoint issue.

1. Define Power Platform DLP policies

1. Add custom prompt modifications

1. Conduct adversarial testing

• C — Custom buttons display at the top and bottom of a page: Correct. In Salesforce Classic, buttons can appear in the page’s button areas, including the top and bottom of record pages.
• D — Custom buttons are available for Person Accounts: Correct. Person Accounts use the Account object, so Account custom buttons can be available on Person Account layouts.
• E — Custom buttons can reference an external app: Correct. A URL custom button can launch or navigate to an external application or website.

• A: JavaScript custom buttons are a Salesforce Classic feature and are not supported in Lightning Experience. They do not enhance Lightning Experience.
• B: The User object does not generally support custom buttons in the same way standard business objects do.

• A. Tuning system software: This is a corrective action, not an analysis method. Tuning should be based on measured performance data.
• B. User dissatisfaction reports: Useful as an indicator, but subjective and insufficient for diagnosing the cause.
• D. Off-peak utilization and response time: This may hide problems occurring during peak periods. Performance analysis should cover representative or peak workloads.

• Entradas grandes, de até aproximadamente 1 GB.
• Processamentos demorados, que podem levar até cerca de 1 hora.
• O cliente envia a solicitação e consulta o resultado depois, sem precisar manter uma conexão aberta durante todo o processamento.

• Real-time inference: indicada para respostas imediatas, com entradas menores e processamento rápido.
• Serverless inference: adequada para cargas variáveis e solicitações menores; não é ideal para processamento longo e arquivos grandes.
• Batch transform: processa grandes volumes em lote, mas não atende à necessidade de respostas próximas do tempo real.

• Red team: Simulates attackers; exploits weaknesses to test security.
• Blue team: Defends systems; monitors, detects, and responds to attacks.
• Purple team: Combines red- and blue-team efforts to improve detection and defense.
• White team: Oversees or manages the test, defining rules, scope, and authorization.

• T?o m?t Systems Manager Automation runbook d? ch?y l?nh kh?i d?ng l?i ?ng d?ng trên các EC2 instance.
• T?o m?t Amazon EventBridge rule ph?n ?ng khi CloudWatch alarm chuy?n sang tr?ng thái ALARM.
• Ð?t Automation runbook làm target c?a EventBridge rule.

1. Log c?a ?ng d?ng du?c ghi vào CloudWatch Logs.
2. CloudWatch alarm phát hi?n nhi?u l?i liên quan d?n vi?c restart.
3. Alarm chuy?n sang tr?ng thái ALARM.
4. EventBridge nh?n s? ki?n thay d?i tr?ng thái này.
5. EventBridge g?i Systems Manager Automation runbook.
6. Runbook restart ?ng d?ng trên các EC2 instance, không restart c? instance.

• A: SNS không tr?c ti?p g?i Systems Manager Automation runbook nhu m?t target native.
• B: Lambda có th? th?c hi?n vi?c restart, nhung ph?i t? x? lý vi?c xác d?nh instance và ch?y l?nh t? xa.
• C: Lambda ch? làm trung gian d? g?i runbook, không c?n thi?t vì EventBridge có th? g?i runbook tr?c ti?p.

• 16 VMs: one failure loses 25 GB and 10 cores—only 6.25% of memory.
• 8 VMs: one failure loses 12.5% of memory.
• 4 VMs: one failure loses 25%.
• 1 VM: one failure loses the entire application environment.

• Internal interface ? connected toward the corporate network/internal firewall
• External interface ? connected toward the Internet-facing firewall

1. A route for the internal corporate network through the internal-facing interface/firewall.
2. A default route (0.0.0.0/0) through the Internet-facing interface/firewall.

• An Azure pay-as-you-go subscription follows an operational expenditure (OpEx) model.
• With OpEx, the organization pays for services as they are used, typically based on consumption.
• There is no need to purchase and maintain physical servers upfront.
• This contrasts with capital expenditure (CapEx), where the company makes a significant upfront investment in infrastructure, such as on-premises Hyper-V hosts.

• A laptop
• Software access
• A password reset
• A mobile phone

• They run behind the scenes — applies more to automation or workflows.
• They are optional — catalog items are fundamental to a request-based catalog.
• They provide options — variables and variable options collect the requester’s choices for an item; they are not the catalog item itself.

• AWS Audit Manager continuously collects evidence from AWS services and helps assess whether workloads comply with regulatory frameworks and internal policies. It can produce audit-ready reports.
• AWS Config records resource configurations and evaluates them against compliance rules. For example, it can check whether encryption, logging, or access settings meet company requirements.

• Amazon Inspector identifies software vulnerabilities and unintended network exposure, not general policy or regulatory compliance.
• Amazon CloudWatch monitors metrics, logs, and operational events, but is not primarily a compliance assessment service.
• AWS CloudTrail records API activity for auditing and investigation. It supports compliance, but does not itself provide the structured compliance assessment capabilities of Audit Manager and Config.

Flat organisation

• Few levels of management
• A wide span of control—managers supervise many employees
• Shorter communication channels
• More employee autonomy and quicker decisions
• Fewer formal promotion levels

Tall organisation

• Many levels of management
• A narrow span of control—managers supervise relatively few employees
• A clear hierarchy and reporting structure
• More formal supervision and communication channels
• More obvious promotion and career stages

• Issuer: Identifies the party issuing a SAML message—usually the identity provider in the assertion. It is not the Salesforce-specific identifier the architect should provide for differentiating Salesforce.
• Identity Provider Login URL: The endpoint where users are sent to authenticate.
• SAML identity location: Determines where the user identity is found in the SAML assertion, such as the subject or an attribute.

• A. Extranet
• B. VLAN
• C. Intranet
• D. VPN

• AWS Budgets lets you create a cost or usage budget and configure alerts when actual or forecasted spending reaches a threshold. Notifications can be sent through email or Amazon SNS.
• Amazon CloudWatch can monitor AWS billing metrics and trigger an alarm when estimated charges exceed a specified amount.

• Amazon SQS is a message queue, not a cost-monitoring service.
• Cost Explorer analyzes spending but does not directly provide threshold notifications.
• AWS Cost and Usage Report delivers detailed billing data for analysis; it does not itself send threshold alerts.

• Actual filename: Document.xml.txt
• Explorer displays: Document.xml
• File type: Text Document (.txt)

text 
Document.txt ? Document.xml

• The servers run different operating systems: Windows, Linux, and Unix.
• Containers generally share the host operating system’s kernel, so they cannot normally run workloads requiring unrelated kernels, such as Windows and Linux, on the same Linux host.
• A hypervisor can create separate virtual machines, allowing each VM to run its own guest OS.
• A Type 2 hypervisor runs on top of a host operating system and can support multiple guest operating systems.

• Customer: Dual
• Date: Dual
• Sales: DirectQuery
• SalesAggregate: Import

• Sales – DirectQuery: Near-real-time data should not rely on an imported cache. DirectQuery sends queries to the source when visuals are loaded, allowing recent sales data to appear.
• SalesAggregate – Import: A weekly refresh is sufficient, and imported data generally gives faster visual performance because it is stored in Power BI’s in-memory cache.
• Customer and Date – Dual: These are dimension tables used with both the DirectQuery Sales table and the imported SalesAggregate table. Dual allows Power BI to use cached data when possible, while still behaving appropriately in queries involving DirectQuery data. This can improve performance and reduce unnecessary limited relationships.

1. Get Data ? Folder in Power BI Desktop.
2. In Power Query Editor, expand the Attributes column to expose metadata such as hidden status and other file attributes.
3. Remove the Content column (and any other data columns you do not need).

• Name
• Extension
• Date accessed
• Date modified
• Folder Path
• Attributes
• Content

• Workspace: Stores notebooks, libraries, jobs, and other project resources.
• Notebooks: Interactive documents containing code, queries, visualizations, and explanations. Common languages include Python, SQL, Scala, and R.
• Clusters: Groups of virtual machines that run Spark workloads. Clusters can be started, stopped, and automatically scaled.
• Data access: Databricks can read from services such as Azure Data Lake Storage, Azure Blob Storage, and Azure SQL.
• Jobs: Automate notebooks or data-processing workflows on a schedule or in response to events.