The four categories of costs associated with product quality costs are
Answer(s): B
The following are the four categories of quality costs: prevention, appraisal, internal failure, and external failure lost opportunity). Costs of prevention include attempts to avoid defective output, including employee training, review of equipment design, preventive maintenance, and evaluation of suppliers. Appraisal costs include quality control programs, inspection, and testing. Internal failure costs are incurred when detection of defective products occurs before shipment, including scrap, rework, tooling changes, and downtime. External failure costs are incurred after the product has been shipped, including the costs associated with warranties, product liability, and customer ill will.
The cost of statistical quality control in a product quality cost system is categorized as a n)
Answer(s): D
The following are the four categories of quality costs: prevention, appraisal, internal failure, and external failure lost opportunity). Appraisal costs include quality control programs, inspection, and testing. However, some authorities regard statistical quality and process control as preventive activities because they not only detect faulty work but also allow for adjustment of processes to avoid future defects.
Listed below are selected line items from the cost-of-quality report for Company B forWhat is Company B's total prevention and appraisal cost for last month?
Answer(s): C
The costs of prevention and appraisal are conformance costs that serve as financial measures of internal performance. Prevention costs are incurred to prevent defective output. These costs include preventive maintenance, employee training, review of equipment design, and evaluation of suppliers. Appraisal costs are incurred to detect nonconforming output. They embrace such activities as statistical quality control programs, inspection, and testing. The equipment maintenance cost of US $1, 154 is a prevention cost. The product testing cost of US $786 is an appraisal cost. Their sum is US $1, 940.
All of the following are generally included in a cost-of-quality report except
A cost-of-quality report includes most costs related to quality, including the costs of external failure, internal failure, prevention, and appraisal. Lost contribution margins from poor product quality are external failure costs that normally do not appear on a cost-of-quality report because they are opportunity costs. Opportunity costs are not usually recorded by the accounting system, thereby understating the costs of poor quality. Lost contribution margins from reduced sales, market share, and sales prices are external failure costs that are also not usually included in a cost-of-quality report.
Conformance is how well a product and its components meet applicable standards.According to the robust quality concept,
Conformance is how well a product and its components meet applicable standards. The traditional view is that conforming products are those with characteristics that lie within an acceptable specified range of values that includes a target value. This view also regarded a certain percentage of defective nonconforming) units as acceptable. The traditional view was superseded by the zero-defects approach that sought to eliminate all nonconforming output. An extension of this approach is the robust quality concept. Its goal is to reach the target value in every case. The reason is that hidden quality costs occur when output varies from the target even though the units are within specifications.
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