After the health care sector implemented nationwide cost control measures, the percentage of nationwide spending going toward health care stopped growing and remained constant, beginning to rise again only after the measures were abandoned. Therefore, the cost control measures prevented the amount spent on health care from increasing.The reasoning in the argument is flawed in that the argument overlooks the possibility that
Answer(s): B
The flaw in the argument lies in the assumption that the cessation of the cost control measures directly caused the increase in health care spending. However, the argument overlooks the possibility that the growth in health care spending could be due to the continual expansion of health care services and products, which might increase the overall demand and cost of health care, regardless of whether cost control measures are in place.By failing to consider this factor, the argument implies that the cessation of cost controls was the sole reason for the increase in health care spending, which is an oversimplification.
Although some countries with high literacy rates have a policy of mandatory education for children, other countries with the same policy have low literacy rates. Clearly, mandatory education for children is not necessary for achieving high literacy rates.The flawed pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in which one of the following?
Answer(s): E
In the argument, the reasoning suggests that because some countries with mandatory education have low literacy rates, mandatory education is not necessary for high literacy rates. This reasoning is flawed because it assumes that because some countries with a policy (mandatory education) do not achieve the desired outcome (high literacy rates), the policy itself is not necessary for that outcome.It illustrates a similar flawed pattern: it claims that because some companies with good customer service have low customer loyalty, customer service is not necessary for strong customer loyalty. This ignores the possibility that while good customer service may often be linked to strong loyalty, it is not the sole determining factor.
Moreno: Scientific papers should contain results that would be unlikely to have been obtained if the papers' hypotheses were false. The measurement of this likelihood the p-value is required to be no greater than .05 in order for a paper to be published. But this threshold was chosen arbitrarily. Results with p-values up to .06 should be considered for publication.Lowery: Recent difficulties in reproducing the results of published papers suggest a need for more stringent standards. The threshold should be a p-value of .005.Moreno's and Lowery's positions indicate that they each agree with which one of the following claims?
Answer(s): C
Moreno argues that the current p-value threshold of .05 for publication is arbitrary and suggests that p-values up to .06 should be considered. This indicates that Moreno believes the threshold should be adjusted.Lowery suggests an even stricter threshold of p = .005 due to difficulties in reproducing results. This also implies a belief that the current threshold should be changed to ensure better scientific rigor.Both agree that the threshold for the p-value should be modified, even though they suggest different changes (Moreno suggests increasing the threshold slightly, while Lowery suggests a much stricter standard). Therefore, their positions collectively indicate that the threshold for an acceptable p-value should be changed.
Governmental agencies receive much less news coverage than they used to. Some scholars contend that this reduction in coverage deprives people of information that is vital to their well-being. But this contention is surely false. After all, such news coverage has been reduced simply because most people lack interest in it and surely people would not lack interest in something that they believe is vital to their well-being.The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument
The argument asserts that the reduction in news coverage about governmental agencies is not harmful because people lack interest in it, and implies that if something were vital to their well-being, they would be interested in it. However, this reasoning is flawed because it overlooks the possibility that people may not always know what is truly vital to their well-being. Just because people are not interested in a topic does not necessarily mean it is not important for their well-being.
Economist: A retailer recently credited a salary increase for its employees to a government corporate tax cut. But that is unlikely to be the real reason for the increase. Most companies don't raise salaries because after-tax profits have increased; they raise them because they need to do so to attract and retain quality workers, who are increasingly willing to leave their jobs when they can secure better positions elsewhere.Each of the following, if true, provides support for the economist's argument except:
Answer(s): D
The economist argues that the retailer's salary increase is more likely due to the need to attract and retain quality workers, rather than because of a corporate tax cut. The support for this argument would come from factors that highlight why companies raise salaries in general (to attract or retain workers), not necessarily due to a tax break.
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