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During the nineteenth century, the French academy of art was a major financial sponsor of painting and sculpture in France; sponsorship by private individuals had decreased dramatically by this time. Because the academy discouraged innovation in the arts, there was little innovation in nineteenth century French sculpture. Yet nineteenth century French painting showed a remarkable degree of innovation.
Which one of the following, if true, most helps to explain the difference between the amount of innovation in French painting and the amount of innovation in French sculpture during the nineteenth century?

  1. In France in the nineteenth century, the French academy gave more of its financial support to painting than it did to sculpture.
  2. The French academy in the nineteenth century financially supported a greater number of sculptors than painters, but individual painters received more support, on average, than individual sculptors.
  3. Because stone was so much more expensive than paint and canvas, far more unsponsored paintings were produced than were unsponsored sculptures in France during the nineteenth century.
  4. Very few of the artists in France in the nineteenth century who produced sculptures also produced paintings.
  5. Although the academy was the primary sponsor of sculpture and painting, the total amount of financial support that French sculptors and painters received from sponsors declined during the nineteenth century.

Answer(s): C



Situation: Someone living in a cold climate buys a winter coat that is stylish but not warm in order to appear sophisticated.
Analysis: People are sometimes willing to sacrifice sensual comfort or pleasure for the sake of appearances.
The analysis provided for the situation above is most appropriate for which one of the following situations?

  1. A person buys an automobile to commute to work even though public transportation is quick and reliable.
  2. A parent buys a car seat for a young child because it is more colorful and more comfortable for the child than the other car seats on the market, though no safer.
  3. A couple buys a particular wine even though their favorite wine is less expensive and better tasting because they think it will impress their dinner guests.
  4. A person sets her thermostat at a low temperature during the winter because she is concerned about the environmental damage caused by using fossil fuels to heat her home.
  5. An acrobat convinces the circus that employs him to purchase an expensive outfit for him so that he can wear it during his act to impress the audience.

Answer(s): C



After replacing his old gas water heater with a new, pilotless, gas water heater that is rated as highly efficient, Jimmy’s gas bills increased.
Each of the following, if true, contributes to an explanation of the increase mentioned above EXCEPT:

  1. The new water heater uses a smaller percentage of the gas used by Jimmy’s household than did the old one.
  2. Shortly after the new water heater was installed, Jimmy’s uncle came to live with him, doubling the size of the household.
  3. After having done his laundry at a laundromat, Jimmy bought and started using a gas dryer when he replaced his water heater.
  4. Jimmy’s utility company raised the rates for gas consumption following installation of the new water heater.
  5. Unusually cold weather following installation of the new water heater resulted in heavy gas usage.

Answer(s): A



Carolyn: The artist Marc Quinn has displayed, behind a glass plate, biologically replicated fragments of Sir John Sulston’s DNA, calling it a “conceptual portrait” of Sulston. But to be a portrait, something must bear a recognizable resemblance to its subject.
Arnold: I disagree. Quinn’s conceptual portrait is a maximally realistic portrait, for it holds actual instructions according to which Sulston was created.
The dialogue provides most support for the claim that Carolyn and Arnold disagree over whether the object described by Quinn as a conceptual portrait of Sir John Sulston

  1. should be considered to be art
  2. should be considered to be Quinn’s work
  3. bears a recognizable resemblance to Sulston
  4. contains instructions according to which Sulston was created
  5. is actually a portrait of Sulston

Answer(s): E






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