Nathan has been working on cutting down on drinking. He tells you he passed a state store and 'found my car pulling itself into the lot.' He denies giving much conscious thought to it. Nathan is describing the workings of:
Answer(s): B
According to Freud, the id is present at birth and is part of the unconscious. It is impulsive, not rational, and moves towards pleasure and away from pain. The superego is made up of the conscience and ideal self and incorporates society's values and norms. The ego uses a rational process to solve problems and meet the id's demands while satisfying the superego.
________________ results when ideal standards are violated. According to Freud, this is a function of the __________________.
Answer(s): C
The superego sets ideal standards and guilt results when we violate them.
A counselor sets her monthly fees for consulation on a job-by-job basis. Which of the following reinforcement schedules is this an example of?
Answer(s): A
A variable ratio schedule is when a reward occurs after an unpredictable amount of responses and typically provides a high rate of response. The counselor's rate is unpredictable from one job to the next. A fixed ratio schedule occurs when a response is reinforced after a set number of responses. Fixed interval schedules reinforce the response only after a certain amount of time has passed. Variable interval schedules reinforce the response after an unpredictable amount of time has gone by.
Suppression and repression are different because:
In psychoanalysis, repression is when upsetting memories are kept out of the conscious mind. Throughout therapy, using free association, psychoanalysts try to help uncover repressed memories and feelings. Suppression is when a person knowingly tries not to think or feel a certain way.
When a client becomes aware of a factor in his or her life which they were previously unaware, counselors refer to it as:
Answer(s): D
Graham Wallace described the four stages of insight: preparation, incubation, flash of illumination, and verification. The term 'Aha! Moment' is also used to describe insights when things suddenly become clearer.
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