IIA IIA-CIA-Part3 Exam Prep
Certified Internal Auditor - Part 3, Business Analysis and Information Technology (Page 75 )

• AWS Network Firewall can inspect and block traffic across a VPC when traffic is routed through the firewall. A Drop action rule can deny traffic from the suspicious source IP.
• GuardDuty findings are sent to Security Hub.
• A Lambda function can be invoked when Security Hub receives a new GuardDuty finding, extract the source IP, and update the Network Firewall policy with a blocking rule.

• GuardDuty threat lists: Used to identify or increase the severity of findings; they do not directly block VPC traffic.
• AWS WAF: Protects supported web applications, such as CloudFront or Application Load Balancers. It does not provide general VPC-wide traffic blocking.
• GuardDuty suppression rules: Suppress or hide findings. They do not block the suspicious traffic.

• A PostToolUse hook for file writes under src/api/ that runs the linter.
• A separate PostToolUse hook for API/data processing that normalizes payloads to snake_case.

• User2 is in Group1, so CA2 applies.
• CA2 targets Office 365.
• CA2 requires MFA OR an app protection policy.
• User2 has no app protection policy, but if User2 successfully completes MFA, the OR condition is satisfied.
• The device being noncompliant does not matter because CA2 does not require device compliance.
• CA1 applies only to Global Administrators. Unless User2 is also a Global Administrator, CA1 does not apply.

• Data Cloud combines data from multiple systems.
• It resolves and organizes that data into a unified customer view.
• That unified view enables downstream actions such as personalized campaigns, segmentation, analytics, and activation.

• A = core platform value
• D = a resulting business use case or benefit

• /27 (255.255.255.224)

• /26 (255.255.255.192)

• /25: Creates only 2 subnets, not 3
• /28: Provides only 14 usable hosts per subnet

• Customer information must not be revealed ? PII Detection
• Malicious instructions embedded in images/documents must be blocked ? Prompt Shields

• If the question allows multiple selections, choose PII Detection and Prompt Shields.
• If it requires one selection specifically for the image-based threat, choose Prompt Shields.

• The server accepts unauthenticated image uploads, which creates an opportunity for an attacker to upload a malicious script disguised as an image or using an unexpected file type.
• A web shell is a malicious script placed on a web server that gives an attacker remote command execution through web requests.
• The suspicious process and outbound connection to a low-reputation IP are consistent with the attacker using the web shell to execute commands or establish communication with command-and-control infrastructure.

• Worm: Usually self-propagates across multiple systems; the scenario focuses on the upload page.
• Cryptocurrency mining: Possible, but there is no indication of resource-intensive mining activity or insider involvement.
• Rootkit Trojan over RDP: The evidence points to the vulnerable upload functionality, not an exposed RDP service.

• Structure requirements documents
• Draft user stories and acceptance criteria
• Create templates for functional and nonfunctional requirements
• Turn natural-language descriptions into organized documentation or implementation examples

• A: “Automatically generating detailed requirements documents” overstates Copilot’s role; it assists but does not independently determine complete requirements.
• C: /help provides guidance about Copilot features, not reliable requirements-conflict detection.
• D: Stakeholder communication and meetings remain human responsibilities.

1. Discovery tries the SSH probe first.
2. SSH fails.
3. Discovery tries SNMP, which succeeds.
4. Discovery records SNMP as the preferred service for that IP.
5. Future discoveries try SNMP first.

• Classification identifies the type of device, such as a server, router, or printer.
• Credential affinity remembers which credentials work for a device.
• MID Server affinity associates a device or network with a particular MID Server.
• IP service affinity specifically controls the preferred discovery protocol or service.

• STP elects the switch with the lowest Bridge ID as the root bridge.
• The Bridge ID consists mainly of bridge priority + MAC address.
• If multiple switches have the same priority, the switch with the lower MAC address is preferred.
• STP bridge priority values are configured in increments of 4096, such as 0, 4096, 8192, and so on. 32768 is the standard default value.

• Atomicity: a write fully succeeds or does not appear.
• Consistency: table state remains valid.
• Isolation: concurrent operations do not corrupt one another.
• Durability: committed changes persist.

• Flexible schemas: common data lakes often support flexible or schema-on-read data.
• Open-source formats: common data lakes commonly use open formats such as Parquet.
• Scalable storage: cloud data lakes already provide scalable storage.

• Alerts the receiving device that an Ethernet frame is arriving
• Helps the receiver synchronize its clock with the sender’s signal
• Prepares the receiver to read the frame correctly

Role of the SFD

• It signals that the synchronization pattern is finished
• It marks the exact beginning of the Ethernet frame
• Its bit pattern is different from the preamble, indicating: “the actual frame starts next”

• The message came from the claimed sender (authentication)
• The message was not altered (integrity)
• The sender cannot easily deny sending it (non-repudiation)

• Attackers can send unsigned phishing emails.
• Attackers may compromise a legitimate account and send signed malicious emails.
• Users may still be tricked by a validly signed message.

• Additional running costs: $800
• Less depreciation: $300

• The $100 reduction in fixed production overhead absorbed is only an accounting reallocation. It does not represent an actual saving in total fixed overhead.

• If the attachment is safe, it is released to the user.
• If malware is detected, the attachment is blocked or removed according to the policy.
• This reduces delivery delays without disabling malware scanning.

• Replace removes the original attachment and replaces it with a text file explaining that it was blocked. It does not primarily optimize delivery time.
• Block and Enable redirect blocks messages with suspicious attachments and can redirect them for review; it does not provide the required faster delivery experience.
• Monitor and Enable redirect is for observation and does not reliably block malicious attachments.

• Profitability and financial performance
• Long-term business viability
• Responsible use of resources
• Delivering returns to shareholders

• Social concerns people, communities, labour standards and human rights.
• Environmental concerns impacts on the planet, such as emissions and resource use.
• Legal is important for compliance, but it is not one of the three Triple Bottom Line pillars.

• FTP — Transfers files using a client/server model and supports authentication. It uses separate control and data connections.
• TFTP — A very simple file-transfer protocol with no authentication and minimal features. Commonly used to transfer router or switch configuration files and IOS images.
• SCP — Securely copies files over SSH. It provides encryption and authentication.
• SFTP — Also transfers files securely through SSH, but provides more file-management capabilities than traditional SCP.
• HTTP/HTTPS — Primarily web protocols, but can also download files; HTTPS encrypts the session.

• TFTP = simple, unauthenticated file transfer
• FTP = file transfer with authentication, but not inherently encrypted
• SCP/SFTP = secure file transfer using SSH

• A Screen Flow can present a form that inspectors complete and submit on an Experience Cloud page.
• It can collect inspection findings, validate the input, and create or update records.
• An Autolaunched Flow has no user interface, so it cannot directly provide the form.
• A Related List only displays related records, and Record Detail is primarily for viewing or editing an existing record—not for a custom inspection submission form.

• Partners first log in to the corporate portal, which uses the shared SAML Identity Provider.
• When they select a Salesforce link, the IdP can send a SAML assertion directly to Salesforce.
• Salesforce validates the assertion and grants access to the Partner Community without requiring another login. This is IdP-initiated SSO because authentication begins outside Salesforce.

• SP-initiated SSO starts when Salesforce sends an authentication request to the IdP. That would be appropriate if users began by visiting Salesforce.
• The Web Server and User Agent OAuth flows are for OAuth authorization, not browser-based SAML federation between an IdP and Salesforce.

• 25 – Traditional SMTP server-to-server mail transfer; often blocked for client submission and not inherently secure.
• 110 – POP3 for receiving email; unencrypted by default.
• 143 – IMAP for accessing email; unencrypted by default.
• 587 – Authenticated email submission and commonly secured with TLS.

• Highly polished, organization-wide presentations
• Advanced dashboard design and customization
• Broader business-user distribution and interaction
• Specialized BI governance and modeling features

• Sets a high initial price for a new product.
• Targets customers willing to pay more, often called early adopters.
• Gradually reduces the price to attract more price-sensitive customers as the product becomes less novel and competition increases.

• Penetration pricing: starts with a low price to gain market share quickly.
• Premium pricing: maintains a high price to communicate superior quality or status; it does not necessarily involve later price reductions.
• Loss leader pricing: sells one product at a very low price, sometimes below cost, to attract customers who may buy other products.

• Determine risk tolerance: Tolerance defines how much variation or exposure the organization is willing to accept. Scenarios may help apply tolerance, but they do not primarily determine it.
• Determine risk appetite: Risk appetite is established at an enterprise or governance level. Scenarios help compare risks with the appetite; they do not normally establish it.
• Develop risk responses: Once risks are identified and assessed, scenarios support response planning. However, response development comes later.

• Verifies the sender’s identity using their private key.
• Confirms the transaction was not altered after signing.
• Provides evidence that the signer approved or originated the transaction.

• Digital certificates: Bind an identity to a public key, but do not themselves prove that a specific transaction was signed.
• Encrypted passwords: Protect confidentiality or authentication, but generally do not provide transaction-level nonrepudiation.
• One-time passwords: Authenticate a user for a session or transaction, but usually do not provide durable proof of who authorized the electronic record.

• Microsoft manages the physical datacenter, hardware, and virtualization.
• You manage the virtual machine’s operating system, installed software, configuration, and data.
• You choose the VM size, storage, networking, and scaling options.

• SaaS: You consume a complete application managed by the provider, such as Microsoft 365.
• PaaS: You deploy applications without managing the underlying operating system or VM infrastructure, such as Azure App Service.

• Base table — the table containing common inherited fields
• Parent table — the table directly extended by the child
• Other tables in the hierarchy

• Recovery Services vault — stores Site Recovery configuration and recovery metadata.
• Hyper-V site — represents the on-premises Hyper-V environment.
• Azure virtual network — the target network where the replicated VM will run after failover. Since Azure VMs already use the same virtual network, that VNet can be selected as the target.
• Storage account or managed-disk target, depending on the ASR configuration and portal version.
• Provider/agent on the Hyper-V server — enables replication from Hyper-V to Azure.

• Accept: Acknowledge the risk without taking additional action.
• Transfer: Shift the risk’s impact to another party, such as through insurance or outsourcing.
• Mitigate: Reduce the likelihood or impact, such as by implementing controls.
• Avoid: Eliminate the activity or situation that creates the risk.

• The backup file is complete and uncorrupted.
• The required data can actually be recovered.
• The recovery process and documentation work as expected.
• Recovery objectives, such as acceptable downtime, can be met.

• Backup logs may show that a job completed, but not that the backup is usable.
• File size does not prove the contents are valid.
• Email notifications may confirm process completion, not recoverability.
• Appointing a DBA does not itself validate backups.

• Accept: Acknowledge the risk and take no additional action.
• Transfer: Shift the risk or its financial impact to another party, such as through insurance or outsourcing.
• Mitigate: Reduce the likelihood or impact of the risk, such as by implementing security controls.
• Avoid: Eliminate the activity or exposure that creates the risk.

• Storage usage of files stored in Microsoft Teams: SharePoint site usage report

• Number of active users per team: Microsoft Teams usage report

1. SharePoint site usage report
2. Microsoft Teams usage report

• Route table: Controls how traffic is routed within a VPC; it does not use the AWS worldwide network to accelerate internet traffic.
• AWS Transit Gateway: Connects multiple VPCs and on-premises networks through a central gateway, but it is not primarily an internet traffic acceleration service.
• Amazon VPC: Provides isolated virtual networking in AWS, but it does not itself accelerate traffic globally.

• host — simple, human-friendly lookups

bash 
  host example.com 
  host 192.0.2.1

• dig — detailed DNS troubleshooting

bash 
  dig example.com 
  dig example.com MX 
  dig @8.8.8.8 example.com

• nslookup — older, familiar, and widely available

bash 
  nslookup example.com

• Quick answer: host
• Detailed diagnosis: dig
• Compatibility or legacy environments: nslookup