QUESTION: 141 Topic - Section: Reading

Reading Material

(1) A research team from the University of Bonn has succeeded for the first time in using light stimuli to stop life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia in mouse hearts. (2) Furthermore, as shown in computer simulations at Johns Hopkins University, this technique could also be used successfully for human hearts. (3) The study opens up a whole new approach to the development of implantable optical defibrillators, in which the strong electrical impulses of conventional defibrillators are replaced by gentler, pain-free light impulses. (4) The Journal of Clinical Investigation has now published the results. (5) Ventricular fibrillation! (6) When the heart muscle races and no longer contracts in an orderly fashion, sudden death often follows due to the lack of blood circulation. (7) In such an emergency, a defibrillator helps to restore normal heart activity by means of intense electrical shocks. (8) In patients with a known risk for these arrhythmia, the prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator is the treatment of choice. (9) If ventricular fibrillation is detected, a pulse of electricity is automatically generated, which normalizes the excitation of the heart muscle and saves the person’s life. (10) “When an implanted defibrillator is triggered, which unfortunately can also happen because of false detection of arrhythmia, it is always a very traumatic event for the patient”, says the head of the study, Junior- Professor Philipp Sasse of the Institute of Physiology I at the University of Bonn. (11) “The strong electrical shock is very painful and can even damage the heart further”. (12) Therefore, Professor Sasse’s team investigated the principles for a pain-free, gentler alternative. (13) As the scientists have now shown, ventricular fibrillation can be stopped by optical defibrillation.

What is the main idea of this text?

Traditional defibrillators cause painful shocks that may damage the heart.
New research has suggested that light stimuli may be a gentler but effective way to treat cardiac arrhythmia.
More research should be done to determine the cause of cardiac arrhythmia.
The University of Bonn is at the cutting edge of cardiac research.

Answer(s): B

Explanation:

The overall idea of this text is that new research has uncovered a way to use light instead of electrical pulses to counter cardiac arrhythmia. While the other statements may be true, they are not the focus of this text.

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QUESTION: 142 Topic - Section: Reading

With abundant light energy, scientists were looking for a way to put it to good use.
Current defibrillators are outdated and expensive to implant.
It worked on mice, so scientists thought it was possible that human patients could benefit from the technology.
Current defibrillators can cause powerful, painful shocks to the heart, which may cause further damage.

Answer(s): D

Explanation:

The text mentions the painful shocks that can occur with current defibrillator technology and sentence 12 states that this researcher and his team were looking for a “gentler alternative” for cardiac patients.

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QUESTION: 143 Topic - Section: Reading

The triggering of an implanted defibrillator can be a painful experience for the cardiac patient.
Optical defibrillation is the best alternative for all cardiac patients.
When the heart does not contract in an orderly fashion, sudden death is often the result.
Scientists successfully used light stimuli to stop cardiac arrhythmia in mouse hearts.

Answer(s): B

Explanation:

Sweeping generalizations like “all” usually denote an opinion rather than a fact. While optical defibrillation may be a good alternative for many cardiac patients, there is no indication it will work for everyone.

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QUESTION: 144 Topic - Section: Reading

Read the following passage and answer the question.

WHAT IS EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY?

SmithCo, Inc. Associate Manual
Commitment to Equal Employment Opportunity Equal Employment Opportunity
Equal Opportunity is the expressed policy of SmithCo. Our policy is to select the best-qualified person for each position in the organization and to conduct all business relationships without prejudice. SmithCo is committed to the principles of equal employment opportunity for all employees and applicants for employment. Advancement opportunities and employment decisions will be made without regard to race, creed, color, religion, sex, national origin, ancestry, age, physical or mental handicap, veteran or military status, or any other characteristic protected under federal, state, or local law.

Managers are expected to seek out a diverse pool of candidates for consideration when making hiring decisions. SmithCo also develops an annual Affirmative Action program, which is a federal requirement due to our status as a government contractor. The leadership team plays an active role in demonstrating SmithCo’s commitment by providing equal employment opportunities at all levels of employment. Managers and employees are advised to meet with the HR manager for assistance in meeting the standards set in this policy.

Equal Employment Opportunity Applies Throughout The Employment Process
To advance the principles of equal employment opportunity, SmithCo also extends this policy to every phase of the employment process including, but not limited to, recruitment, selection, placement, transfer, training and development, promotion, compensation, benefits, layoffs, termination, and all other conditions or benefits of employment. All employees are expected to abide by and promote this policy of equal employment opportunity within the organization, as well as with those who have a business relationship with SmithCo.

Equal Employment Opportunity Requires the Participation of All Associates
While overall authority for implementing an Equal Employment Opportunity policy is assigned to the Vice President of Human Resources, an effective equal employment opportunity program cannot be achieved without the support of all associates. Any associate who feels they have been denied equal opportunity or subjected to discrimination should consult with their manager or HR representative. SmithCo’s Employee Assistance Program also provides assistance with these matters.

How is this policy organized?

statements of fact supported by personal stories
specific topics followed by explanations
rules for behavior supported by warnings of consequences
debate of public versus personal philosophies
general policy statement without specific performance standards

Answer(s): B

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QUESTION: 141 Topic - Section: Reading

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QUESTION: 142 Topic - Section: Reading

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QUESTION: 143 Topic - Section: Reading

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QUESTION: 144 Topic - Section: Reading