QUESTION: 16 Exam Topic: SECTION III, Reading Comprehension

Philosopher: Nations are not literally persons; they have no thoughts or feelings, and, literally speaking, they perform no actions. Thus they have no moral rights or responsibilities. But no nation can survive unless many of its citizens attribute such rights and responsibilities to it, for nothing else could prompt people to make the sacrifices national citizenship demands. Obviously, then, a nation . .
Which one of the following most logically completes the philosopher’s argument?

cannot continue to exist unless something other than the false belief that the nation has moral rights motivates its citizens to make sacrifices
cannot survive unless many of its citizens have some beliefs that are literally false
can never be a target of moral praise or blame
is not worth the sacrifices that its citizens make on its behalf
should always be thought of in metaphorical rather than literal terms

Answer(s): B

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QUESTION: 17 Exam Topic: SECTION III, Reading Comprehension

When exercising the muscles in one’s back, it is important, in order to maintain a healthy back, to exercise the muscles on opposite sides of the spine equally. After all, balanced muscle development is needed to maintain a healthy back, since the muscles on opposite sides of the spine must pull equally in opposing directions to keep the back in proper alignment and protect the spine.
Which one of the following is an assumption required by the argument?

Muscles on opposite sides of the spine that are equally well developed will be enough to keep the back in proper alignment.
Exercising the muscles on opposite sides of the spine unequally tends to lead to unbalanced muscle development.
Provided that one exercises the muscles on opposite sides of the spine equally, one will have a generally healthy back.
If the muscles on opposite sides of the spine are exercised unequally, one’s back will be irreparably damaged.
One should exercise daily to ensure that the muscles on opposite sides of the spine keep the back in proper alignment.

Answer(s): B

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QUESTION: 18 Exam Topic: SECTION III, Reading Comprehension

Editorialist: In all cultures, it is almost universally accepted that one has a moral duty to prevent members of one’s family from being harmed. Thus, few would deny that if a person is known by the person’s parents to be falsely accused of a crime, it would be morally right for the parents to hide the accused from the police. Hence, it is also likely to be widely accepted that it is sometimes morally right to obstruct the police in their work.
The reasoning in the editorialist’s argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that this argument

utilizes a single type of example for the purpose of justifying a broad generalization
fails to consider the possibility that other moral principles would be widely recognized as overriding any obligation to protect a family member from harm
presumes, without providing justification, that allowing the police to arrest an innocent person assists rather than obstructs justice
takes for granted that there is no moral obligation to obey the law
takes for granted that the parents mentioned in the example are not mistaken about their child’s innocence

Answer(s): B

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QUESTION: 19 Exam Topic: SECTION III, Reading Comprehension

Editor: Many candidates say that if elected they will reduce governmental intrusion into voters’ lives. But voters actually elect politicians who instead promise that the government will provide assistance to solve their most pressing problems. Governmental assistance, however, costs money, and money can come only from taxes, which can be considered a form of governmental intrusion. Thus, governmental intrusion into the lives of voters will rarely be substantially reduced over time in a democracy.
Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the editor’s argument?

Politicians who win their elections usually keep their campaign promises.
Politicians never promise what they really intend to do once in office.
The most common problems people have are financial problems.
Governmental intrusion into the lives of voters is no more burdensome in nondemocratic countries than it is in democracies.
Politicians who promise to do what they actually believe ought to be done are rarely elected.

Answer(s): A

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QUESTION: 16 Exam Topic: SECTION III, Reading Comprehension

QUESTION: 17 Exam Topic: SECTION III, Reading Comprehension

QUESTION: 18 Exam Topic: SECTION III, Reading Comprehension

QUESTION: 19 Exam Topic: SECTION III, Reading Comprehension