Political opinion and analysis outside the mainstream rarely are found on television talk shows, and it might be thought that this state of affairs is a product of the political agenda of the television stations themselves. In fact,television stations are driven by the same economic forces as sellers of more tangible goods. Because they must attempt to capture the largest possible share of the television audience for their shows, they air only those shows that will appeal to large numbers of people. As a result, political opinions and analyses aired on television talk shows are typically bland and innocuous.An assumption made in the explanation offered by the author of the passage is that
Answer(s): B
The author concludes that political opinions on TV talk shows are bland and innocuous.Why is that? Not, as some might think, because the TV stations have their own political agenda. According to the author, it's because stations air only those shows that will appeal to large numbers of people, and that's because the stations are driven by economic forces. If you look at this author's conclusion, that the talk shows are innocuous, and then look at the reason why, because the stations are trying to appeal to lots of people, then you can spot a missing link: that only bland opinions appeal to lots of people. That works as a central assumption in this argument. A prephrase similar to this will help you attack the answer choices. When you do, option [there are television viewers who might refuse...] should jump out. For the author's argument to work, he must assume that some viewers would not watch something they found controversial. If that were not the case, and everyone tunes in even when something is controversial, then stations could run these programs and still hope to gain as many viewers as possible.
Political opinion and analysis outside the mainstream rarely are found on television talk shows, and it might be thought that this state of affairs is a product of the political agenda of the television stations themselves. In fact, television stations are driven by the same economic forces as sellers of more tangible goods. Because they must attempt to capture the largest possible share of the television audience for their shows, they air only those shows that will appeal to large numbers of people. As a result, political opinions and analyses aired on television talk shows are typically bland and innocuous.The explanation offered by the author of the passage makes the assumption that
Same argument. The author says that opinions outside the mainstream aren't on the talk shows, and concludes that TV stations' drive for large audiences makes the shows bland and innocuous. In the last question, we found one missing piece, and option [bland and innocuous political opinions...] provides another: that bland political opinions are within the mainstream. If they aren't, then why would bland TV appeal to the mainstream? Notice how effectively this assumption links the evidence (no views outside the mainstream on talk shows) with the conclusion (the drive for audience share makes talk shows are bland and innocuous).
Some judges complain about statutes that specify mandatory minimum sentences for criminal offenses. These legal restrictions, they complain, are too mechanical and prevent judges from deciding when a given individual can or cannot be rehabilitated. But that is precisely why mandatory minimum sentences are necessary. History amply demonstrates that when people are free to use their own judgment they invariably believe themselves to act wisely when in fact they are often arbitrary and irrational. There is no reason to think that judges are an exception to this rule.Which one of the following sentences most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?
Answer(s): E
Some judges think that minimum sentences are too restrictive, as they prevent judges from exercising discretion in certain matters. "But," (note the Keyword) the author says this is precisely the problem. So the author must believe that judges shouldn't have the power to make certain kinds of decisions. The rest of the stimulus backs up the notion that judges act arbitrarily when left on their own. So minimum sentences, which remove this discretion, are a good thing after all. E. captures this point.
Conservationist: The population of a certain wildflower is so small that the species is headed for extinction. However, this wildflower can cross-pollinate with a closely related domesticated daisy, producing viable seeds. Such cross-pollination could result in a significant population of wildflower-daisy hybrids. The daisy should therefore be introduced into the wildflower's range, since although the hybrid would differ markedly from the wildflower, hybridization is the only means of preventing total loss of the wildflower in its range.Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the conservationist's reasoning?
Answer(s): C
Here's another sad story. The wildflower can't survive without hybridization, but making a wildflower-daisy hybrid would result in a plant that is markedly different from the wildflower. The conservationist is in favor of the hybridization anyway? What principle supports that resolution? We're looking for something that says a hybrid version of the flower is better than no flower at all, and that's what option [It is better to change a type of...] provides. Option [It is better to change a type of...] perfectly supports the notion that a changed wildflower is better than no wildflower, so it serves as the justifying principle we seek.
Conservationist: The population of a certain wildflower is so small that the species is headed for extinction. However, this wildflower can cross-pollinate with a closely related domesticated daisy, producing viable seeds. Such cross-pollination could result in a significant population of wildflower-daisy hybrids. The daisy should therefore be introduced into the wildflower's range, since although the hybrid would differ markedly from the wildflower, hybridization is the only means of preventing total loss of the wildflower in its range.Which one of the following is an assumption on which the conservationist's reasoning depends?
Answer(s): D
Now we need to find an assumption in the same argument. Remember, the author supports hybridization because it will produce viable seeds and lots of flowers. But is that enough? If those flowers themselves cannot reproduce (the denial of option [Wildflower-daisy hybrids will be able.]), then the wildflower is doomed anyway. So the conservationist must be assuming option [Wildflower-daisy hybrids will be able.]
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