Bauer: It is clear that capuchin monkeys make mental plans for cracking open a nut before selecting the appropriate stone for the task. When they approach two or three stones that differ in hardness, size, and weight, in nearly every case they choose the superior stone.Chiu: That just suggests a proficiency at trial-and-error learning. Having spent their lives learning to associate certain types of stones with success at cracking nuts and others with failure, the capuchins apply this knowledge automatically.Bauer and Chiu disagree over whether capuchin monkeys
Answer(s): C
Bauer and Chiu disagree over whether capuchin monkeys select stones as a result of planning (as Bauer argues) or as an automatic application of trial-and-error learning (as Chiu contends).
The purpose of book reviews is chiefly to describe, not evaluate. And what a book review describes is not the book itself but the reviewer's encounter with the book. It tries to make manifest the act of reading in something like the way that travel writing dramatizes the experience of a place. So just as travel writing can serve its purpose without passing judgment on a place, a book review can serve its purpose without passing judgment on a book.In the analogy drawn in the argument above, which one of the following plays a role that corresponds to that of the act of reading?
In the analogy, the act of reading corresponds to the traveler's experience of a place. Both represent subjective encounters that the respective forms of writing (book reviews and travel writing) aim to describe.
Journalist: It's clear that studies of the health effects of consuming fast food tend to be biased in favor of the fast food industry when they are funded by that industry. After examining the funding sources of research studies published in recent years, I found that studies funded by fast food producers were five times more likely to find no link between hypertension and the consumption of fast food than were studies not funded by that industry.The journalist's argument requires assuming which one of the following?
Answer(s): A
The argument assumes that studies not funded by the fast food industry were not biased against fast food. This assumption is necessary to conclude that the observed difference in findings is due to bias in industry-funded studies rather than bias in the non-industry-funded studies.
Art appraiser: Camille Branson produced many landscape paintings of scenes on Vermillion Island, but none were done on canvas. This painting depicts a landscape on Vermillion Island. Since this painting is on canvas, it was not done by Branson.The pattern of reasoning in the art appraiser's argument above is most similar to that in which one of the following arguments?
The reasoning in the art appraiser's argument matches the pattern in option C, where the absence of a certain characteristic (a leather seat for a touring bike or the use of canvas for Branson's paintings) is used to conclude that the item in question (the touring bike or the painting) could not have originated from the source (Fourscore Fitness or Branson).
Inventor: Patent law stipulates that no invention that has been shown to be useless should receive a patent. An existing patent on a useless device will generally be revoked if it is challenged in court. However, very few patents have been revoked on the thousands of devices that have been patented but subsequently proved useless.Which one of the following, if true, most helps to explain the situation described by the inventor?
Answer(s): B
The situation is explained by the fact that almost no one has sufficient incentive to challenge in court a patent on a device that has been proved useless. This would result in very few patents being revoked, even if the devices are subsequently shown to be useless.
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