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A dog is trained to salivate at the ringing of a bell. What form of conditioning is this?

  1. Classical Conditioning
  2. Operant Conditioning
  3. Reinforcement Conditioning
  4. None of the above

Answer(s): A

Explanation:

Classical conditioning occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired. In this case, the two stimuli were the ringing of the bell and the treat. Operant conditioning occurs when there are rewards and punishments associated with learning. Reinforcement is a term associated with operant conditioning.



What type of partial reinforcement produces the best response to stimuli?

  1. Fixed-ratio Schedules
  2. Variable-ratio Schedules
  3. Fixed-interval Schedules
  4. Variable-Interval Schedules

Answer(s): B

Explanation:

A variable ratio schedule is when a reward occurs after an unpredictable amount of responses and typically provides a high rate of response. A fixed ratio schedule occurs when a response is reinforced after a set number of responses. Fixed interval schedules reinforce the response only after a certain amount of time has passed. Variable interval schedules reinforce the response after an unpredictable amount of time has gone by.



Behavioral reinforcers always raise behavioral probability.

  1. True
  2. False

Answer(s): A

Explanation:

The purpose of reinforcers is to increase the likelihood that a specific behavior will occur following a stimulus.



Which of the following would not be a part of a standard first counseling session with a therapist who was practicing client-centered counseling?

  1. Introduction
  2. Note-taking
  3. Discussion
  4. All of the above would be included

Answer(s): D

Explanation:

A large focus of client-centered counseling is discussion, often guided by the client.






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