QUESTION: 17 Exam Topic: SECTION II, Logical Reasoning

Hospital executive: At a recent conference on nonprofit management, several computer experts maintained that the most significant threat faced by large institutions such as universities and hospitals is unauthorized access to confidential data. In light of this testimony, we should make the protection of our clients’ confidentiality our highest priority.
The hospital executive’s argument is most vulnerable to which one of the following objections?

The argument confuses the causes of a problem with the appropriate solutions to that problem.
The argument relies on the testimony of experts whose expertise is not shown to be sufficiently broad to support their general claim.
The argument assumes that a correlation between two phenomena is evidence that one is the cause of the other.
The argument draws a general conclusion about a group based on data about an unrepresentative sample of that group.
The argument infers that a property belonging to large institutions belongs to all institutions.

Answer(s): B

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QUESTION: 18 Exam Topic: SECTION II, Logical Reasoning

Modern science is built on the process of posing hypotheses and testing them against observations—in essence, attempting to show that the hypotheses are incorrect. Nothing brings more recognition than overthrowing conventional wisdom. It is accordingly unsurprising that some scientists are skeptical of the widely accepted predictions of global warming. What is instead remarkable is that with hundreds of researchers striving to make breakthroughs in climatology, very
few find evidence that global warming is unlikely.
The information above provides the most support for which one of the following statements?

Most scientists who are reluctant to accept the global warming hypothesis are not acting in accordance with the accepted standards of scientific debate.
Most researchers in climatology have substantial motive to find evidence that would discredit the global warming hypothesis.
There is evidence that conclusively shows that the global warming hypothesis is true.
Scientists who are skeptical about global warming have not offered any alternative hypotheses to explain climatological data.
Research in global warming is primarily driven by a desire for recognition in the scientific community.

Answer(s): B

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QUESTION: 19 Exam Topic: SECTION II, Logical Reasoning

Historian: The Land Party achieved its only national victory in Banestria in 1935. It received most of its support that year in rural and semirural areas, where the bulk of Banestria’s population lived at the time. The economic woes of the years surrounding that election hit agricultural and small business interests the hardest, and the Land Party specifically targeted those groups in 1935. I conclude that the success of the Land Party that year was due to the combination of the Land Party’s specifically addressing the concerns of these groups and the depth of the economic problems people in these groups were facing.
Each of the following, if true, strengthens the historian’s argument EXCEPT:

In preceding elections the Land Party made no attempt to address the interests of economically distressed urban groups.
Voters are more likely to vote for a political party that focuses on their problems.
The Land Party had most of its successes when there was economic distress in the agricultural sector.
No other major party in Banestria specifically addressed the issues of people who lived in semirural areas in 1935.
The greater the degree of economic distress someone is in, the more likely that person is to vote.

Answer(s): A

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QUESTION: 20 Exam Topic: SECTION II, Logical Reasoning

Gamba: Muñoz claims that the Southwest Hopeville Neighbors Association overwhelmingly opposes the new water system, citing this as evidence of citywide opposition. The association did pass a resolution opposing the new water system, but only 25 of 350 members voted, with 10 in favor of the system. Furthermore, the 15 opposing votes represent far less than 1 percent of Hopeville’s population. One should not assume that so few votes represent the view of the majority of Hopeville’s residents.
Of the following, which one most accurately describes Gamba’s strategy of argumentation?

questioning a conclusion based on the results of a vote, on the grounds that people with certain views are more likely to vote
questioning a claim supported by statistical data by arguing that statistical data can be manipulated to support whatever view the interpreter wants to support
attempting to refute an argument by showing that, contrary to what has been claimed, the truth of the premises does not guarantee the truth of the conclusion
criticizing a view on the grounds that the view is based on evidence that is in principle impossible to disconfirm
attempting to cast doubt on a conclusion by claiming that the statistical sample on which the conclusion is based is too small to be dependable

Answer(s): E

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QUESTION: 17 Exam Topic: SECTION II, Logical Reasoning

QUESTION: 18 Exam Topic: SECTION II, Logical Reasoning

QUESTION: 19 Exam Topic: SECTION II, Logical Reasoning

QUESTION: 20 Exam Topic: SECTION II, Logical Reasoning